“具身智能技術(shù)發(fā)展與產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)用”是國(guó)鴻智庫(kù)研究的未來(lái)產(chǎn)業(yè)課題。我們意通過(guò)政策研讀、企業(yè)調(diào)研、行業(yè)研究、技術(shù)研討、資本對(duì)接等一系列工作，演繹成系列專(zhuān)題文章對(duì)行業(yè)進(jìn)行拆解和解讀，以抽絲剝繭的方式以“MECE（相互獨(dú)立，完全窮盡）”的理念盡量對(duì)“具身智能產(chǎn)業(yè)政策、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈圖譜、產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)鍵成功要素、具身智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用、具身智能場(chǎng)景落地、具身智能發(fā)展趨勢(shì)、具身智能龍頭企業(yè)發(fā)展、具身智能產(chǎn)業(yè)投融資”等一系列主題進(jìn)行深入地探究。

　　The development and industrial application of embodied intelligence technology "is a future industry topic that Guohong Think Tank focuses on researching. We intend to deconstruct and interpret the industry through a series of work such as policy research, enterprise investigation, industry research, technology seminars, and capital docking, and use the concept of "MECE (mutually independent, completely exhaustive)" to explore in-depth topics such as "embodied intelligence industry policies, industry chain maps, key success factors of industries, embodied intelligence technology applications, embodied intelligence scene implementation, embodied intelligence development trends, embodied intelligence leading enterprise development, embodied intelligence industry investment and financing".

　　“具身智能技術(shù)發(fā)展與產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)用”研究需要搭建生態(tài)平臺(tái)開(kāi)展綜合研究。2025年作為具身智能發(fā)展元年，開(kāi)啟了產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的序幕，但行業(yè)發(fā)展需要政策、技術(shù)、資本、人才等多維要素的驅(qū)動(dòng)，同時(shí)也存在諸多新興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的系列問(wèn)題，尤其是技術(shù)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)用需要重大突破。我們將發(fā)布系列主題文章，還會(huì)陸續(xù)舉辦具身智能技術(shù)發(fā)展研討會(huì)、行業(yè)應(yīng)用研討會(huì)、場(chǎng)景應(yīng)用推介會(huì)、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈投融資對(duì)接會(huì)、場(chǎng)景應(yīng)用展會(huì)、具身智能研修培訓(xùn)等系列活動(dòng)，為該研究搭建開(kāi)放平臺(tái)，構(gòu)建研究生態(tài)！

　　The research on the development and industrial application of embodied intelligence technology requires the establishment of an ecological platform for comprehensive research. As the first year of embodied intelligence development, 2025 marks the beginning of industrialization. However, industry development requires multidimensional factors such as policies, technology, capital, and talent to drive it. At the same time, there are also a series of problems faced by emerging industries, especially the need for significant breakthroughs in technological development and industrial applications. We will publish a series of themed articles and hold various activities such as seminars on the development of embodied intelligence technology, industry application seminars, scenario application promotion conferences, industry chain investment and financing docking conferences, scenario application exhibitions, embodied intelligence training, etc., to build an open platform and research ecosystem for this research!

　　決定機(jī)器人性能的“隱形”——絲杠

　　The 'invisible king' that determines robot performance - screw

　　引言：具身智能時(shí)代的硬件突圍

　　Introduction: Hardware Breakthrough in the Era of embodied intelligence

　　在人工智能發(fā)展進(jìn)程中，大模型不斷提升機(jī)器的認(rèn)知與決策能力，而具身智能則讓機(jī)器人具備與現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境交互的能力，其中人形機(jī)器人是重要方向之一。制約機(jī)器人從實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境邁向真實(shí)應(yīng)用的，不僅是算法與控制系統(tǒng)，還包括精密的機(jī)電結(jié)構(gòu)與關(guān)鍵執(zhí)行部件。在機(jī)器人復(fù)雜的動(dòng)力鏈條中，絲杠承擔(dān)著傳遞驅(qū)動(dòng)力、支撐高負(fù)載動(dòng)作的核心任務(wù)，是決定機(jī)器人能否穩(wěn)定行走、完成起落與操控的關(guān)鍵部件。

　　In the development process of artificial intelligence, large models continuously enhance the cognitive and decision-making abilities of machines, while embodied intelligence enables robots to interact with the real environment, among which humanoid robots are one of the important directions. The constraints for robots to move from experimental environments to real applications are not only algorithms and control systems, but also precise electromechanical structures and key execution components. In the complex power chain of robots, the screw undertakes the core task of transmitting driving force and supporting high load actions, and is a key component that determines whether the robot can walk stably, complete takeoff and landing, and control.

　　核心概念拆解：力傳遞鏈中的“阿喀琉斯之踵”

　　Core concept breakdown: The Achilles' heel in the force transmission chain

　　1.機(jī)器人的“肌腱”如果把電機(jī)比作心臟，計(jì)算機(jī)比作大腦，那么絲杠就是機(jī)器人的“肌腱”。它負(fù)責(zé)將電機(jī)的高速旋轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化為關(guān)節(jié)的大推力直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。

　　If the motor is compared to the heart and the computer is compared to the brain, then the screw is the "tendon" of the robot. It is responsible for converting the high-speed rotation of the motor into high thrust linear motion of the joints.

　　圖1：機(jī)器人力傳遞鏈解剖圖2.拒絕“點(diǎn)頭”：剛度的奧義當(dāng)特斯拉 Optimus 嘗試單腿站立時(shí)，膝關(guān)節(jié)承受巨大壓力。如果絲杠軸向剛度不足，就會(huì)像彈簧一樣被壓縮，導(dǎo)致小腿動(dòng)作滯后于電機(jī)指令，產(chǎn)生“受力點(diǎn)頭”甚跌倒。高端絲杠必須保證“力隨意動(dòng)”。

　　Figure 1: Anatomy of the robot human transmission chain. 2. Refusing to nod: The mystery of stiffness. When Tesla Optimus attempts to stand on one leg, the knee joint is under tremendous pressure. If the axial stiffness of the screw is insufficient, it will be compressed like a spring, causing the calf movement to lag behind the motor command, resulting in "force nodding" or even falling. High end lead screws must ensure 'force follows intention'.

　　3.背隙與死區(qū)螺母與絲桿間的微小縫隙叫“背隙”。在關(guān)節(jié)換向瞬間（如伸腿變收腿），背隙會(huì)導(dǎo)致電機(jī)空轉(zhuǎn)，形成控制“死區(qū)”，引發(fā)撞擊和磨損。背隙需要極高精度的預(yù)緊力控制。

　　3. The small gap between the back clearance and dead zone nut and the screw is called the "back clearance". At the moment of joint reversal (such as leg extension to leg retraction), the backlash can cause the motor to idle, forming a control "dead zone" that can cause impact and wear. Eliminating backlash requires extremely precise preload control.

　　技術(shù)路線：從性?xún)r(jià)比到高性能

　　Technical roadmap: From cost-effectiveness to high performance

　　并非所有關(guān)節(jié)都需要配置，工程師需要在成本與性能間做選擇題。圖2：三種絲杠結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比透視圖表1：主流絲杠技術(shù)路線對(duì)比

　　Not all joints require top-level configuration, engineers need to choose between cost and performance. Figure 2: Comparison of Three Screw Structures Perspective Chart 1: Comparison of Mainstream Screw Technology Routes

　　制造鴻溝：從“能做”到“做好”

　　Creating a Gap: From 'Being Able to Do' to 'Doing Well'

　　國(guó)產(chǎn)絲杠的樣品性能已與海外產(chǎn)品相差無(wú)幾，但在量產(chǎn)一致性與使用壽命上與海外產(chǎn)品相比仍有明顯差距。這背后是基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)的較量。

　　The sample performance of domestically produced lead screws is almost the same as that of overseas products, but there is still a significant gap in mass production consistency and service life compared to overseas products. Behind this is the competition of basic industries.

　　1. 材料純凈度的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)高端絲杠的壽命取決于鋼材。海外巨頭使用經(jīng)過(guò)真空感答應(yīng)熔煉+真空自耗重熔 (VIM+VAR)的鋼材，氧含量極低（<5ppm），通過(guò)控制非金屬夾雜物來(lái)防止疲勞剝落。

　　The lifespan of high-end screw rods in terms of material purity depends on the steel used. Overseas giants use steel that has undergone vacuum induction melting and vacuum self consumption remelting (VIM+VAR), with extremely low oxygen content (<5ppm), to prevent fatigue spalling by controlling non-metallic inclusions.

　　表2：普通鋼材與高純凈軸承鋼對(duì)比2.隱形殺手：磨削燒傷為了追求產(chǎn)量加快磨削速度，會(huì)導(dǎo)致工件表面瞬時(shí)高溫，發(fā)生肉眼不可見(jiàn)的“燒傷”（金相組織轉(zhuǎn)變），使壽命指數(shù)級(jí)下降。國(guó)外已普及巴克豪森噪聲無(wú)損檢測(cè)，而國(guó)內(nèi)部分廠商仍缺乏這種全檢手段。

　　Table 2: Comparison between ordinary steel and high-purity bearing steel. 2. Invisible killer: Grinding burn. In order to pursue production and accelerate grinding speed, it will cause instantaneous high temperature on the surface of the workpiece, resulting in invisible "burns" (metallographic structure transformation) and a decrease in life index. Barkhausen noise non-destructive testing has been popularized abroad, but some domestic manufacturers still lack this comprehensive testing method.

　　3.工藝路線之爭(zhēng)精密磨削：精度，但效率低、成本高，易燒傷。硬旋銑：新興工藝，效率高，更，正成為量產(chǎn)主流。冷滾壓：成本，但精度難控制，模具挑戰(zhàn)大。

　　3. Debate over process routes: Precision grinding has the highest accuracy, but low efficiency, high cost, and is prone to burns. Hard rotary milling: an emerging technology with high efficiency and environmental friendliness, is becoming the mainstream of mass production. Cold rolling: The lowest cost, but difficult to control accuracy, and the mold challenge is great.

　　市場(chǎng)格局：海外護(hù)城河與突圍

　　Market pattern: Overseas moat and China's breakthrough

　　1.海外巨頭的壁壘2024年全球市場(chǎng)約1.20億美元，預(yù)計(jì)2031年增4.07億美元，年復(fù)合增長(zhǎng)率約20%。前五大企業(yè)瑞士的Rollvis、GSA，瑞典的Ewellix、美國(guó)的Moog合計(jì)約占57.7%。

　　1. The barriers of overseas giants: The global market is expected to reach approximately $120 million in 2024, and is expected to increase to $407 million in 2031, with a compound annual growth rate of about 20%. The top five companies, Rollvis and GSA from Switzerland, Ewellix from Sweden, and Moog from the United States, together account for approximately 57.7%.

　　表3：國(guó)際頭部絲杠企業(yè)信息來(lái)源：網(wǎng)路信息總結(jié)這些企業(yè)能夠穩(wěn)居金字塔頂端，關(guān)鍵在于其掌握精密研磨制造能力、規(guī)格覆蓋、長(zhǎng)期服務(wù)航天/國(guó)防/機(jī)器人等高門(mén)檻應(yīng)用，并憑借信譽(yù)與全球供應(yīng)鏈優(yōu)勢(shì)形成難以替代的結(jié)構(gòu)性壁壘。

　　Table 3: Information sources of international leading screw companies: Summary of online information. These companies are able to maintain their position at the top of the pyramid due to their mastery of precision grinding manufacturing capabilities, comprehensive specification coverage, long-term service for high threshold applications such as aerospace/defense/robotics, and the formation of irreplaceable structural barriers with brand reputation and global supply chain advantages.

　　2.路徑與玩家盤(pán)點(diǎn)國(guó)內(nèi)廠商正通過(guò)“全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈協(xié)同”進(jìn)行突圍，利用從鋼材到磨床的本土優(yōu)勢(shì)降低成本。

　　2. China's Path and Player Inventory: Domestic manufacturers are breaking through through through "full industry chain collaboration" and utilizing their local advantages from steel to grinding machines to reduce costs.

　　表4：國(guó)內(nèi)絲杠核心企業(yè)與現(xiàn)狀信息來(lái)源：網(wǎng)路信息總結(jié)

　　Table 4: Core domestic screw enterprises and current situation Information source: Summary of online information

　　3.追趕策略：數(shù)據(jù)閉環(huán)縮短差距的捷徑是與頭部機(jī)器人廠商建立“聯(lián)合實(shí)驗(yàn)室”。利用主機(jī)廠的整機(jī)測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)反哺零部件設(shè)計(jì)，形成“使用-失效-分析-改進(jìn)”的數(shù)據(jù)閉環(huán)。

　　3. Catch up strategy: The only shortcut to narrowing the gap in data closed-loop is to establish a "joint laboratory" with leading robot manufacturers. Utilize the testing data of the host factory to feedback the design of components, forming a data loop of "use failure analysis improvement".

　　結(jié)語(yǔ)：從奢侈品到工業(yè)消費(fèi)品

　　Conclusion: From luxury goods to industrial consumer goods

　　行星滾柱絲杠，這個(gè)曾經(jīng)只在航天領(lǐng)域使用的“奢侈品”，必須走下神壇，成為像軸承一樣的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、低成本“工業(yè)消費(fèi)品”。對(duì)于 Rollvis 等國(guó)際巨頭這是挑戰(zhàn)，對(duì)于五洲新春、北特科技等企業(yè)則是千載難逢的機(jī)遇。誰(shuí)能率先解決“低成本量產(chǎn)”與“高可靠性”的矛盾，誰(shuí)就掌握了通往具身智能時(shí)代的入場(chǎng)券。

　　The planetary roller screw, once only used in the aerospace industry as a luxury item, must step down from its pedestal and become a high standard, low-cost "industrial consumer product" like bearings. For international giants like Rollvis, this is a challenge, while for Chinese companies like Wuzhou Xinchun and Beite Technology, it is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Whoever can first solve the contradiction between "low-cost mass production" and "high reliability" holds the ticket to the era of embodied intelligence.