絲杠是一種將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運動的傳動部件，按照摩擦特性可以分為滑動絲杠、滾動絲杠和靜壓絲杠三類，它在工業(yè)母機、汽車、人形機器人等諸多高精尖領(lǐng)域均有重要作用，掌握著核心“傳動命脈”。

　　Screw is a transmission component that converts rotational motion into linear motion. According to its friction characteristics, it can be divided into three categories: sliding screw, rolling screw, and static pressure screw. It plays an important role in many high-precision fields such as industrial mother machines, automobiles, and humanoid robots, and holds the core "transmission lifeline".

　　作為性能優(yōu)越的傳動部件，絲杠一方面，受益于工業(yè)母機自主可控背景，滾珠絲杠國產(chǎn)替代加速；另一方面，更受益于AI快速迭代背景下，人形機器人市場爆發(fā)，其軀干線性執(zhí)行器、靈巧手執(zhí)行器均對絲杠有較高要求。遠期來看，人形機器人帶來的市場空間相比工業(yè)母機絲杠市場將是幾何級的放大。伴隨以上產(chǎn)業(yè)趨勢，我們今天著重對絲杠行業(yè)進行分析梳理。，我們將對絲杠行業(yè)的整體行業(yè)概況、市場發(fā)展情況、加工工藝及市場壁壘進行基礎(chǔ)梳理，以幫助大家從基礎(chǔ)層面對現(xiàn)階段絲杠行業(yè)情況有相應了解。其次，在解決這些問題的同時，我們還將對絲杠的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈情況、相關(guān)公司布局情況進行梳理。另外，也會將視角進一步延申后續(xù)發(fā)展層面，對絲杠行業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展中，所涉及到的產(chǎn)業(yè)機遇及市場空間進行分析，以幫助大家客觀、具體地了解相關(guān)問題。

　　As a high-performance transmission component, the screw benefits from the independently controllable background of the industrial mother machine, and the domestically produced ball screw replaces the acceleration; On the other hand, benefiting more from the rapid iteration of AI, the market for humanoid robots has exploded, with high requirements for lead screws for their torso linear actuators and dexterous hand actuators. In the long run, the market space brought by humanoid robots will be geometrically magnified compared to the industrial mother machine screw market. Along with the above industry trends, today we will focus on analyzing and sorting out the screw industry. Firstly, we will conduct a basic review of the overall industry overview, market development, processing technology, and market barriers of the screw industry, in order to help everyone have a corresponding understanding of the current situation of the screw industry from a basic level. Secondly, while addressing these issues, we will also sort out the industry chain situation of the screw and the layout of related companies. In addition, the perspective will be further extended to the subsequent development level, analyzing the industry opportunities and market space involved in the development of the screw industry, in order to help everyone objectively and specifically understand relevant issues.

　　01行業(yè)概況

　　01 Industry Overview

　　1、絲杠是將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運動的部件，具備多種分類方式

　　1. Screw is a component that converts rotational motion into linear motion and has multiple classification methods

　　絲杠是一種將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運動的傳動部件。絲杠是一種將電機端旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運動的機械部件，廣泛應用于具有直線運動功能的機器設(shè)備中。電機通過聯(lián)軸器帶動絲杠軸轉(zhuǎn)動，絲杠軸上的螺母在螺旋形螺紋的驅(qū)動下實現(xiàn)直線往復運動，從而將電機的旋轉(zhuǎn)力矩轉(zhuǎn)化為設(shè)備運動所需要的直線方向的驅(qū)動力。與各種驅(qū)動方式相比，“滾珠/柱絲杠+旋轉(zhuǎn)電機”的組合在定位精度、推力、速度等方面具備穩(wěn)定性能，應用廣泛。根據(jù)摩擦特性和加工方式，絲杠有多種分類。根據(jù)摩擦特性可以分為3種：即滑動（梯形）絲杠、滾動絲杠和靜壓絲杠，滾動絲杠又分為滾珠絲杠和滾柱絲杠。其中，梯形絲杠中無滾動體，靠滑動摩擦傳遞推力，傳動效率較低；滾珠和滾柱絲杠具有鋼球或螺桿型的滾動體，靠滾動摩擦傳遞推力，傳動效率較高；靜壓絲杠為液體摩擦，適合于需要較高的進給推力以及具有頻繁振動負載的場合。根據(jù)加工方式，絲杠加工方法可以分為有屑加工(切削成形)和無屑加工(塑性加工)這兩種。有屑加工是指利用切削成形加工絲杠，主要包括磨削、車削、旋風銑削等；無屑加工是指利用金屬塑性成型加工絲杠，主要包括冷擠壓和冷軋。工業(yè)母機多采用滾珠絲杠，承載沖擊更強的滾柱絲杠在人形機器人領(lǐng)域有望得到大規(guī)模應用。滾珠絲杠被廣泛用作精密定位機構(gòu)的部件，主要用于機床、機器人、工廠自動化設(shè)備、半導體設(shè)備、工業(yè)機械、醫(yī)療設(shè)備等。人形機器人使用場景要求高承載、耐沖擊等性能，行星滾柱絲杠有更大的接觸面積、更大的直線速度、更小的振動和噪音，適合人形機器人的使用場景。

　　A screw is a transmission component that converts rotational motion into linear motion. Screw is a mechanical component that converts the rotational motion of the motor end into linear motion, and is widely used in machines and equipment with linear motion functions. The motor drives the screw shaft to rotate through the coupling, and the nut on the screw shaft achieves linear reciprocating motion under the drive of the spiral thread, thereby converting the rotational torque of the motor into the linear driving force required for equipment movement. Compared with various driving methods, the combination of "ball/screw+rotary motor" has stable performance in positioning accuracy, thrust, speed, etc., and is widely used. According to the friction characteristics and processing methods, there are various classifications of lead screws. According to the friction characteristics, it can be divided into three types: sliding (trapezoidal) screw, rolling screw, and static pressure screw. Rolling screw is further divided into ball screw and roller screw. Among them, the trapezoidal screw has no rolling elements and relies on sliding friction to transmit thrust, resulting in lower transmission efficiency; Ball and roller screws have rolling elements of steel ball or screw type, which transmit thrust through rolling friction and have high transmission efficiency; Static pressure screw is liquid friction, suitable for situations that require high feed thrust and frequent vibration loads. According to the processing method, screw machining can be divided into two types: chip machining (cutting forming) and chip free machining (plastic machining). Chip machining refers to the use of cutting and forming to process lead screws, mainly including grinding, turning, whirlwind milling, etc; Chip free machining refers to the use of metal plastic forming to process lead screws, mainly including cold extrusion and cold rolling. Industrial mother machines often use ball screws, and roller screws with stronger impact bearing capacity are expected to be widely used in the field of humanoid robots. Ball screws are widely used as components of precision positioning mechanisms, mainly in machine tools, robots, factory automation equipment, semiconductor equipment, industrial machinery, medical equipment, etc. The usage scenarios of humanoid robots require high load-bearing and impact resistance performance. Planetary roller screws have a larger contact area, higher linear velocity, smaller vibration and noise, making them suitable for the usage scenarios of humanoid robots.

　　2、梯形絲杠技術(shù)水平成熟，但精度較低

　　2. The trapezoidal screw technology is mature, but the accuracy is relatively low

　　梯形絲杠制造工藝較為簡單，技術(shù)水平成熟，但產(chǎn)品精度及效率較低。其運動原理是利用螺旋副的轉(zhuǎn)動運動，使螺旋副上的螺紋旋轉(zhuǎn)，來實現(xiàn)線性運動。梯形絲桿上的螺紋與螺旋副上的螺紋咬合，當螺旋副旋轉(zhuǎn)時，梯形絲桿就會沿著軸向運動，產(chǎn)生線性位移。梯形絲杠的加工工藝原本主要采用車削加工，工藝路線為:冷拔→滾花→車螺紋→校正→鉆孔→切斷→倒角，整體技術(shù)簡單，工藝路線成熟，但效率較低、成本較高，且由于材料剛度低，車削、滾花時易變形，小號螺輪無法生產(chǎn)。目前多使用旋風銑削工藝代替車削工藝，將銑絲、滾花一次性完成，工藝路線變?yōu)槔浒巍鷿L花、銑絲→校正→鉆孔→切斷→倒角，改進后減少了由切削力引起的振動，表面粗糙度也減小了。

　　The manufacturing process of trapezoidal screw is relatively simple and the technical level is mature, but the product accuracy and efficiency are relatively low. The principle of its motion is to use the rotational motion of the helical pair to rotate the threads on the helical pair, thereby achieving linear motion. The threads on the trapezoidal screw engage with the threads on the screw pair. When the screw pair rotates, the trapezoidal screw will move along the axial direction, resulting in linear displacement. The machining process of trapezoidal lead screws originally mainly used turning, with a process route of cold drawing → embossing → threading → correction → drilling → cutting → chamfering. The overall technology is simple and the process route is mature, but the efficiency is low and the cost is high. Moreover, due to the low material stiffness, it is easy to deform during turning and embossing, and small-sized screws cannot be produced. At present, cyclone milling technology is widely used instead of turning technology, which completes milling and rolling in one go. The process route has been changed to cold drawing → rolling and milling → calibration → drilling → cutting → chamfering. After improvement, the vibration caused by cutting force has been reduced, and the surface roughness has also been reduced.

　　3、滾珠絲杠傳動效率高，技術(shù)壁壘仍待突破

　　3. Ball screw transmission has high efficiency, but technical barriers still need to be overcome

　　滾珠絲杠是滾動運動，傳動效率高、精度高。滾珠絲杠由絲桿、螺母、滾珠、回珠器主要部件構(gòu)成。當絲杠旋轉(zhuǎn)時，滾珠在絲桿和螺母之間滾動，實現(xiàn)力的傳遞和直線運動。回珠器一般分為內(nèi)循環(huán)式和外循環(huán)，內(nèi)循環(huán)滾珠絲杠尺寸一般來說小于外循環(huán)滾珠絲杠，適合于空間比較緊湊的場景；同時其需要反向器固定相對來說比較牢靠、剛性好且不易損壞。而外循環(huán)滾珠絲杠適用于需要扛沖能力大、高負載絲杠的使用場景。滾珠絲杠工藝分為研磨與軋制，已國產(chǎn)化，但高精度產(chǎn)品技術(shù)仍待提升。滾珠絲杠加工核心在于滾道制作，螺母的螺紋采用研磨技術(shù)，而絲桿可采用研磨和軋制兩種工藝。軋制是采用冷加工工藝模具制造，自動化程度高，適合大批量生產(chǎn)，成本低，但精度偏低一般為C7級以上；而研磨工序長，從熱處理、粗加工（車削）、到精磨（磨削），效率低，但精度高，一般為C7級以下，可達到C0級。

　　Ball screw is a rolling motion with high transmission efficiency and precision. The ball screw is composed of the main components of the screw, nut, ball, and ball return device. When the screw rotates, the ball rolls between the screw and the nut, achieving force transmission and linear motion. Ball turnouts are generally divided into internal circulation and external circulation types. The size of the internal circulation ball screw is generally smaller than that of the external circulation ball screw, making it suitable for scenarios with relatively compact space; At the same time, it requires a relatively reliable, rigid, and not easily damaged reverser for fixation. External circulation ball screws are suitable for use in scenarios that require high impact capacity and high load screws. The ball screw process is divided into grinding and rolling, which have been localized, but the high-precision product technology still needs to be improved. The core of ball screw machining lies in the production of the raceway, and the thread of the nut adopts grinding technology, while the screw can use two processes: grinding and rolling. Rolling is a process of manufacturing molds using cold processing technology, with a high degree of automation and suitable for large-scale production. It has low cost, but the accuracy is generally above C7 level; The grinding process is long, from heat treatment, rough machining (turning), to fine grinding (grinding), with low efficiency but high accuracy, generally below C7 level, and can reach C0 level.

　　4、行星滾柱絲杠應用于高精度、高承載領(lǐng)域

　　4. Planetary roller screw applied in high-precision and high load bearing fields

　　行星滾柱絲杠具有螺紋傳動和滾動螺旋傳動的綜合特征。其滾動體是含有螺紋的多個滾柱體，螺母或絲杠旋轉(zhuǎn)運動通過滾柱的行星運動轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運動。行星滾柱絲杠傳動中特有的滾柱結(jié)構(gòu)，使得滾柱與螺母(或滾柱與絲杠)之間無相對軸向位移，滾柱能夠在絲杠和螺母形成的封閉空間內(nèi)反復循環(huán)運動，依靠滾動/滑動摩擦實現(xiàn)運動和動力的傳遞。根據(jù)不同的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，滾柱絲杠分為標準式、反向式、循環(huán)式、差動式、軸承環(huán)式。標準式行星滾柱絲杠主要應用于精密機床、機器人、軍工裝備等領(lǐng)域，是目前應用廣泛的類型；反向式行星滾柱絲杠多應用于航空、航天、船舶、電力等領(lǐng)域；循環(huán)式行星滾柱絲杠主要應用于要求高剛度、高承載、高精度的場合，如醫(yī)療器械、光學精密儀器等領(lǐng)域；差動式行星滾柱絲杠適用于傳動比較大，承載能力較高的應用場合；軸承環(huán)式行星滾柱絲杠主要適用于高承載、率等場合，如石油化工、重型機械等領(lǐng)域。

　　The planetary roller screw has a comprehensive feature of thread transmission and rolling screw transmission. Its rolling elements are multiple roller bodies with threads, and the rotational motion of the nut or screw is converted into linear motion through the planetary motion of the rollers. The unique roller structure in planetary roller screw transmission ensures that there is no relative axial displacement between the roller and the nut (or roller and screw), and the roller can repeatedly circulate in the enclosed space formed by the screw and nut, relying on rolling/sliding friction to achieve motion and power transmission. According to different structural designs, roller screws are divided into standard, reverse, cyclic, differential, and bearing ring types. The standard planetary roller screw is mainly used in precision machine tools, robots, military equipment and other fields, and is currently the most widely used type; Reverse planetary roller screw is widely used in aviation, aerospace, shipbuilding, power and other fields; The cyclic planetary roller screw is mainly used in applications that require high stiffness, high load-bearing capacity, and high precision, such as medical devices, optical precision instruments, and other fields; Differential planetary roller screw is suitable for applications with large transmission ratios and high load-bearing capacity; The bearing ring planetary roller screw is mainly suitable for high load capacity, high efficiency and other applications, such as petrochemicals, heavy machinery and other fields.

　　5、絲杠作為線性傳動部件，歷史悠久，新行業(yè)新應用經(jīng)久不衰

　　5. As a linear transmission component, the screw has a long history and has been used in new industries and applications for a long time

　　滾珠絲杠于1961年應用于機床。絲杠歷史悠久，起初被用于葡萄和橄欖的壓榨機，結(jié)構(gòu)類似于滑動絲杠；19世紀50年代滿足特定標準的滑動絲杠類型ACME絲杠出現(xiàn)。滾珠絲杠于1874年發(fā)明，由于制造難度過高未能形成系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計理論和制造工藝流程；1940年，通用公司將滾珠絲杠成品應用在汽車轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu)上，標志著滾珠絲杠研究進入產(chǎn)業(yè)化階段；1961年，NSK公司將精密滾珠絲杠應用于機床并有效提高了機床加工精度。20世紀90年代后期，滾珠絲杠向精密和高速方向發(fā)展，其市場需求進一步提高。2009年后，我國啟動相關(guān)課題，國內(nèi)南京工藝、漢江機床等廠家研發(fā)出滾珠絲杠產(chǎn)品。2020年以來，出臺諸多高端制造行業(yè)相關(guān)政策，有望拓展?jié)L珠絲杠應用范圍以及加速國產(chǎn)替代。國內(nèi)對行星滾柱絲杠的研究仍處起步階段，人形機器人有望帶動其需求極大釋放。滾柱絲杠方面，1942年循環(huán)式行星滾柱絲杠發(fā)明，1954年標準式和反向式行星滾柱絲杠發(fā)明，1968年差動式行星滾柱絲杠發(fā)明，1986年軸承環(huán)式行星滾柱絲杠發(fā)明，此行星滾柱絲杠的所有類型都已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。1970年瑞士的Rollvis公司開始研制行星滾柱絲杠，瑞典的SKF公司在同一時期研制出行星滾柱絲杠，美國和德國的公司也陸續(xù)研制出行星滾柱絲杠產(chǎn)品并將其運用到機電作動器中。2022年特斯拉宣布進軍人形機器人，從其后續(xù)公布的原型機來看，有望打開滾柱絲杠的增長空間。在此之前，國內(nèi)對行星滾柱絲杠的研究處在起步階段，一些公司正參與相關(guān)的研制工作，對行星滾柱絲杠進行了試制和少量的生產(chǎn)，例如山東的博特精工、南京的優(yōu)勵聶夫公司、北京精密機電控制設(shè)備研究所等，但產(chǎn)品性能與國外存在差距，主要體現(xiàn)在效率、承載能力和精度上。在此之后，明顯更多企業(yè)投入到滾柱絲杠的研發(fā)與生產(chǎn)中來，比如恒立液壓、五洲新春、貝斯特、新劍傳動等。2022年，特斯拉機器人線性執(zhí)行關(guān)節(jié)帶動反向行星滾柱signage需求，2024年以來，靈巧手帶動微型絲杠需求，人形機器人百花齊放。

　　Ball screws were first applied to machine tools in 1961. Screw has a long history and was initially used in grape and olive presses, with a structure similar to a sliding screw; In the 1850s, the sliding screw type ACME screw that met specific standards emerged. Ball screw was invented in 1874, but due to its high manufacturing difficulty, it was unable to form a systematic design theory and manufacturing process; In 1940, General Motors first applied ball screw products to automotive steering mechanisms, marking the industrialization stage of ball screw research; In 1961, NSK company first applied precision ball screws to machine tools and effectively improved the machining accuracy of machine tools. In the late 1990s, ball screws developed towards precision and high speed, and their market demand further increased. After 2009, China initiated relevant projects and domestic manufacturers such as Nanjing Craft and Hanjiang Machine Tool developed ball screw products. Since 2020, the country has introduced many policies related to high-end manufacturing industries, which are expected to expand the application scope of ball screws and accelerate domestic substitution. The research on planetary roller screws in China is still in its infancy, and humanoid robots are expected to greatly stimulate its demand. In terms of roller screws, the cyclic planetary roller screw was invented in 1942, the standard and reverse planetary roller screws were invented in 1954, the differential planetary roller screw was invented in 1968, and the bearing ring planetary roller screw was invented in 1986. By then, all types of planetary roller screws had emerged. In 1970, Rollvis company in Switzerland began developing planetary roller screws, SKF company in Sweden developed planetary roller screws during the same period, and companies in the United States and Germany also developed planetary roller screw products and applied them to electromechanical actuators. In 2022, Tesla announced its entry into humanoid robots, and based on its subsequent release of prototypes, it is expected to open up growth opportunities for roller screws. Prior to this, research on planetary roller screws in China was still in its early stages, and some companies were participating in related development work, conducting trial production and small-scale production of planetary roller screws, such as Bote Precision in Shandong, Yuliniev in Nanjing, and Beijing Institute of Precision Mechanical and Electrical Control Equipment. However, there were gaps in product performance compared to foreign countries, mainly reflected in efficiency, load-bearing capacity, and accuracy. Afterwards, more companies have clearly invested in the research and production of roller screws, such as Hengli Hydraulic, Wuzhou Xinchun, Best, Xinjian Transmission, etc. In 2022, Tesla robots will have a linear execution joint to drive the reverse planetary roller signal demand. Since 2024, there has been a demand for dexterous hands to drive micro screws, and a variety of humanoid robots have emerged.

　　02市場現(xiàn)狀

　　02 Market Status

　　1、產(chǎn)業(yè)正處于需求爆發(fā)、國產(chǎn)替代加速與技術(shù)突破的三重驅(qū)動交匯點

　　1. The industry is at the intersection of triple drivers of demand explosion, accelerated domestic substitution, and technological breakthroughs

　　呈現(xiàn)“爆發(fā)性增量+結(jié)構(gòu)性升級+政策強驅(qū)動”的三重共振。，人形機器人作為全新增量引擎，正處于從0到1的產(chǎn)業(yè)化臨界點，絲杠作為核心傳動部件占其價值量的19%，單臺需求達34-44個，隨著特斯拉、FigureAI等廠商量產(chǎn)計劃推進，預計2030年全球行星滾柱絲杠市場規(guī)模將達124.9億元，2029年增量空間即達112億元。其次，工業(yè)母機領(lǐng)域受政策強力支撐，《首臺(套)重大技術(shù)裝備推廣應用指導目錄(2024年版)》《工業(yè)母機產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展行動計劃》等政策明確推動中高端數(shù)控機床自主可控，直接拉動絲杠剛需市場擴容。此外，汽車行業(yè)存量升級顯著，線控底盤技術(shù)普及帶動絲杠需求，預計2030年汽車絲杠市場空間達260億元，疊加新能源汽車拓展應用場景，形成穩(wěn)定增長極。

　　Presenting a triple resonance of "explosive growth+structural upgrading+strong policy driving". Firstly, as a new incremental engine, humanoid robots are at the critical point of industrialization from 0 to 1. The screw, as the core transmission component, accounts for 19% of its value, with a single unit demand of 34-44. With the promotion of mass production plans by manufacturers such as Tesla and FigureAI, it is expected that the global planetary roller screw market size will reach 12.49 billion yuan by 2030, and the incremental space will reach 11.2 billion yuan by 2029. Secondly, the industrial mother machine field is strongly supported by policies such as the "Guidance Catalogue for the Promotion and Application of the First (Set) Major Technical Equipment (2024 Edition)" and the "Action Plan for High Quality Development of the Industrial Mother Machine Industry", which clearly promote the independent and controllable development of mid to high end CNC machine tools and directly drive the expansion of the screw bar demand market. In addition, there has been a significant upgrade in the stock of the automotive industry, and the popularization of wire controlled chassis technology has driven the demand for lead screws. It is expected that the market space for Chinese automotive lead screws will reach 26 billion yuan by 2030, combined with the expansion of application scenarios for new energy vehicles, forming a stable growth pole.

　　2、國產(chǎn)化體系持續(xù)完善，相關(guān)領(lǐng)域不斷突破

　　2. The localization system continues to improve, and breakthroughs are constantly being made in related fields

　　國內(nèi)企業(yè)在高端絲杠領(lǐng)域的進展呈現(xiàn)出兩大陣營：領(lǐng)軍企業(yè)在自主研發(fā)與產(chǎn)業(yè)升級中穩(wěn)步前行，而設(shè)備商則在關(guān)鍵加工設(shè)備和檢測儀器領(lǐng)域不斷突破，形成了較為完整的國產(chǎn)化體系。以恒立液壓、五洲新春和貝斯特為代表，這些企業(yè)在自主研發(fā)、工藝改進和市場拓展等方面均展現(xiàn)出較強的競爭力。恒立液壓在傳動系統(tǒng)核心部件的量產(chǎn)能力上具有明顯優(yōu)勢，其在自主研發(fā)高精度滾柱絲杠和滾珠絲杠方面取得了一系列關(guān)鍵突破，為國內(nèi)高端數(shù)控機床和機器人裝備提供了核心零部件支持。同時，五洲新春則在行星滾柱絲杠的研發(fā)和生產(chǎn)上取得了突破性進展，憑借獨到的設(shè)計理念和的加工工藝，在高負載、高動態(tài)響應等關(guān)鍵指標上實現(xiàn)了與國際水平的接軌，成為國內(nèi)市場中不可忽視的重要力量；貝斯特作為技術(shù)型企業(yè)，致力于高精度產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)，其在高端絲杠領(lǐng)域不斷強化產(chǎn)品的耐磨性和穩(wěn)定性，為高端裝備市場提供了具有競爭力的樣品和量產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品。這些企業(yè)在技術(shù)自主化和產(chǎn)品升級方面的不斷突破，是推動國內(nèi)高端絲杠實現(xiàn)國產(chǎn)替代、降低進口依賴的關(guān)鍵所在。

　　The progress of domestic enterprises in the high-end screw field presents two major camps: leading enterprises are steadily advancing in independent research and development and industrial upgrading, while equipment manufacturers are constantly breaking through in key processing equipment and testing instruments, forming a relatively complete localization system. Represented by Hengli Hydraulic, Wuzhou Xinchun, and Best, these enterprises have demonstrated strong competitiveness in independent research and development, process improvement, and market expansion. Hengli Hydraulic has obvious advantages in the mass production capability of core components in transmission systems. It has made a series of key breakthroughs in independently developing high-precision roller screws and ball screws, providing core component support for high-end CNC machine tools and robot equipment in China. At the same time, Wuzhou New Year has made breakthrough progress in the research and production of planetary roller screws. With unique design concepts and advanced processing technology, it has achieved convergence with international advanced levels in key indicators such as high load and high dynamic response, becoming an important force that cannot be ignored in the domestic market; As a technology-based enterprise, Best is committed to the research and development of high-precision products. It continuously strengthens the wear resistance and stability of its products in the high-end screw field, providing competitive samples and mass-produced products for the high-end equipment market. The continuous breakthroughs of these enterprises in technological self-reliance and product upgrading are the key to promoting the domestic substitution of high-end screws and reducing import dependence.

　　設(shè)備商作為國產(chǎn)高端絲杠產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的重要環(huán)節(jié)，在關(guān)鍵設(shè)備和檢測儀器領(lǐng)域的突破對整體產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力提升具有重要意義。國內(nèi)設(shè)備商如無錫科之鑫（雙林股份控股公司）、華辰裝備和日發(fā)精機近年來在關(guān)鍵加工設(shè)備的研發(fā)和制造上取得了積極進展。無錫科之鑫利用自主研發(fā)技術(shù)和設(shè)備改造，已在高精度螺紋磨床和旋風銑床領(lǐng)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)部分國產(chǎn)替代，其在設(shè)備穩(wěn)定性和自動化水平上不斷提升，為企業(yè)降本增效提供了有力支撐。華辰裝備則在螺紋磨床領(lǐng)域具備一定規(guī)模，其產(chǎn)品不僅在國內(nèi)市場逐步占據(jù)優(yōu)勢，而且通過不斷優(yōu)化工藝和提升檢測能力，正努力縮小與國際水平之間的差距；日發(fā)精機專注于自動化產(chǎn)線和高端加工設(shè)備的研發(fā)，其產(chǎn)品在率、低能耗和精準加工方面表現(xiàn)突出，為國內(nèi)高端絲杠的批量化生產(chǎn)和質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定性提供了技術(shù)保障。這些設(shè)備商在推動國產(chǎn)高端設(shè)備自主研發(fā)方面正發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用，只有通過不斷提升設(shè)備技術(shù)含量和自動化控制水平，才能真正打破國際技術(shù)壁壘，實現(xiàn)從進口依賴向自主創(chuàng)新的歷史性跨越。

　　As an important link in the domestic high-end screw industry chain, equipment manufacturers' breakthroughs in key equipment and testing instruments are of great significance for enhancing the overall competitiveness of the industry. Domestic equipment manufacturers such as Wuxi Kezhixin (Shuanglin Holdings), Huachen Equipment, and Rifa Precision Machinery have made positive progress in the research and manufacturing of key processing equipment in recent years. Wuxi Kezhixin has achieved partial domestic substitution in the fields of high-precision thread grinding machines and cyclone milling machines through independent research and development technology and equipment transformation. Its equipment stability and automation level continue to improve, providing strong support for enterprises to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Huachen Equipment has a certain scale in the field of thread grinding machines. Its products not only gradually occupy an advantage in the domestic market, but also strive to narrow the gap with the international advanced level by continuously optimizing processes and improving detection capabilities; Rifa Precision Machinery focuses on the research and development of automated production lines and high-end processing equipment. Its products excel in high efficiency, low energy consumption, and precise machining, providing technical support for the mass production and quality stability of high-end screw rods in China. These equipment manufacturers are playing a crucial role in promoting independent research and development of domestically produced high-end equipment. Only by continuously improving the technological content and automation control level of equipment can we truly break through international technological barriers and achieve a historic leap from import dependence to independent innovation.

　　3、絲杠賦能人形機器人發(fā)展，國內(nèi)外企業(yè)絲杠項目穩(wěn)步推進

　　3. Screw empowers the development of humanoid robots, and screw projects of domestic and foreign enterprises are steadily advancing

　　精密傳動技術(shù)核心演進，人形機器人領(lǐng)域絲杠應用顯著增強。在人形機器人技術(shù)問世之前，絲杠裝置主要擔當機械臂系統(tǒng)中的線性驅(qū)動元件，負責執(zhí)行分揀作業(yè)、物料搬運、精密組裝以及電子元器件的貼片操作，其應用范圍廣泛覆蓋3C產(chǎn)業(yè)、倉儲物流管理系統(tǒng)以及醫(yī)療設(shè)備等多個關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域。隨著人形機器人的發(fā)展，絲杠憑借其的性能，已成為構(gòu)建精密機械傳動體系不可或缺的核心組件，特別是在人形機器人的關(guān)節(jié)構(gòu)造與驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)中，絲杠被大量應用于要求極高精度與重載能力的場景，引起行業(yè)內(nèi)廣泛而高度的重視。國內(nèi)絲杠企業(yè)加速技術(shù)升級與產(chǎn)能擴展。

　　The core evolution of precision transmission technology has significantly enhanced the application of screw in the field of humanoid robots. Before the emergence of humanoid robot technology, the screw device mainly served as a linear driving element in the robotic arm system, responsible for performing sorting operations, material handling, precision assembly, and electronic component placement operations. Its application scope covers a wide range of key fields such as the 3C industry, warehousing and logistics management systems, and medical equipment. With the development of humanoid robots, the screw has become an indispensable core component in building precision mechanical transmission systems due to its excellent performance. Especially in the joint construction and drive system of humanoid robots, the screw is widely used in scenarios that require extremely high precision and heavy load capacity, which has attracted widespread and high attention in the industry. Domestic screw enterprises are accelerating technological upgrades and capacity expansion.

　　近年來，國內(nèi)絲杠企業(yè)積極布局滾珠/滾柱絲杠產(chǎn)業(yè)，逐步推動技術(shù)升級與產(chǎn)能擴展，進軍高端制造、機器人及新能源汽車領(lǐng)域。其中，五洲新春的滾珠絲杠產(chǎn)品已實現(xiàn)部分量產(chǎn)，有望將成為新的利潤增長點；貝斯特的高精度滾珠/滾柱絲杠副首臺套成功下線，部分產(chǎn)品正處于驗證環(huán)節(jié)；雙林股份在車用滾珠絲杠和人形機器人用行星滾柱絲杠項目上穩(wěn)步推進，試制產(chǎn)線已建設(shè)落成；長盛軸承于2022年發(fā)布定增計劃，擬投2.65億元擴張自潤滑軸承和滾珠絲杠產(chǎn)能，其中包括布局絲杠新賽道的3萬套滾珠絲杠；恒立液壓于2021年投資15億元布局線性驅(qū)動器項目，規(guī)劃達成年產(chǎn)10.4萬根行星滾柱絲杠電動缸和10萬米滾珠絲杠的目標，現(xiàn)已邁入送樣及小批量供貨階段。隨著行業(yè)整體技術(shù)水平的提升，國內(nèi)企業(yè)在國際市場中的競爭力將進一步增強。

　　In recent years, domestic screw enterprises have actively laid out the ball/roller screw industry, gradually promoting technological upgrades and capacity expansion, and entering the fields of high-end manufacturing, robotics, and new energy vehicles. Among them, the ball screw products of Wuzhou New Year have achieved partial mass production and are expected to become a new profit growth point; Best's high-precision ball/roller screw pair first set has been successfully produced, and some products are currently in the verification stage; Shuanglin Co., Ltd. is steadily advancing in the projects of ball screws for vehicles and planetary roller screws for humanoid robots, and the trial production line has been completed; Changsheng Bearing announced a private placement plan in 2022, intending to invest 265 million yuan to expand the production capacity of self-lubricating bearings and ball screws, including 30000 sets of ball screws for the layout of a new screw track; Hengli Hydraulic invested 1.5 billion yuan in 2021 to layout a linear drive project, aiming to achieve an annual output of 104000 planetary roller screw electric cylinders and 100000 meters of ball screws. It has now entered the stage of sample delivery and small-scale supply. With the overall improvement of the industry's technological level, the competitiveness of domestic enterprises in the international market will be further enhanced.

　　舍弗勒助力特斯拉Optimus，絲杠技術(shù)創(chuàng)新智能制造新篇章。舍弗勒作為特斯拉信賴的絲杠供應商，在Optimus的成功制造中發(fā)揮重要作用。舍弗勒在新能源汽車、機器人技術(shù)和高端制造業(yè)持續(xù)深化技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與產(chǎn)業(yè)布局，深度聚焦于滾珠絲杠、滾柱絲杠以及行星滾柱絲杠的研發(fā)，其戰(zhàn)略布局旨在滿足市場對高精度、高承載能力和緊湊設(shè)計的迫切需求。目前，此類高性能傳動元件已被廣泛應用于新能源汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向助力系統(tǒng)、制動系統(tǒng)，以及工業(yè)機器人和高端機床等多個關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域之中。舍弗勒已順利完成部分滾珠絲杠產(chǎn)品的試制與性能測試，試制生產(chǎn)線建成。同時，行星滾柱絲杠產(chǎn)品的樣品亦已進入嚴格的驗證階段，為未來大規(guī)模量產(chǎn)奠定基礎(chǔ)。此外，舍弗勒依托提供的在線計算工具和的數(shù)字化解決方案，進一步提升絲杠產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)效率與應用效能。上述戰(zhàn)略舉措充分彰顯舍弗勒在全球絲杠市場中的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢與系統(tǒng)化能力，為智能制造和新能源領(lǐng)域的快速發(fā)展提供強勁動力。

　　Schaeffler supports Tesla Optimus with innovative screw technology leading a new chapter in intelligent manufacturing. Schaeffler, as a trusted screw supplier for Tesla, plays an important role in the successful manufacturing of Optimus. Schaeffler continues to deepen technological innovation and industrial layout in new energy vehicles, robotics technology, and high-end manufacturing, with a deep focus on the research and development of ball screws, roller screws, and planetary roller screws. Its strategic layout aims to meet the urgent market demand for high precision, high load-bearing capacity, and compact design. At present, such high-performance transmission components have been widely used in key fields such as steering assist systems, braking systems, industrial robots, and high-end machine tools in new energy vehicles. Schaeffler has successfully completed the trial production and performance testing of some ball screw products, and the trial production line has been fully established. At the same time, the samples of planetary roller screw products have also entered a strict validation stage, laying the foundation for future large-scale production. In addition, Schaeffler relies on providing advanced online computing tools and comprehensive digital solutions to further enhance the research and application efficiency of screw products. The above strategic measures fully demonstrate Schaeffler's technological advantages and systematic capabilities in the global screw market, providing strong impetus for the rapid development of intelligent manufacturing and new energy fields.

　　03加工工藝

　　03 Processing Technology

　　1、絲杠加工有磨削、旋風銑、軋制等多種方式

　　1. Screw machining can be done in various ways such as grinding, whirlwind milling, rolling, etc

　　螺紋加工有CNC磨削、旋風銑、軋制等多種方式。“螺紋”是滾珠絲杠傳動裝置中的核心機械要素，它對實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的功能（動力轉(zhuǎn)換功能、定位功能、速度功能、同步功能等）產(chǎn)生關(guān)鍵性作用，因此，螺紋制造技術(shù)和裝備始終是滾珠絲杠副制造企業(yè)關(guān)注的焦點。縱觀半個世紀全球滾珠絲杠制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展可以看出：在全球綠色浪潮的助推下，絲杠螺紋制造從采用“白鋼刀挑扣”到高速硬車削，從螺紋磨削擴展到高速旋風銑削（軟、硬），從切削加工向無屑精密滾軋成形制造，從低檔、低速、低精度向高檔、高速、高精度發(fā)展，、低耗、綠色已成為螺紋制造技術(shù)發(fā)展的主旋律。

　　There are various methods for thread machining, such as CNC grinding, whirlwind milling, and rolling. Thread "is the core mechanical element in ball screw transmission devices, which plays a crucial role in achieving product functions such as power conversion, positioning, speed, synchronization, etc. Therefore, thread manufacturing technology and equipment have always been the focus of attention for professional ball screw manufacturing enterprises. Looking back at the development of global ball screw manufacturing technology over the past half century, it can be seen that with the help of the global green and environmental protection wave, screw thread manufacturing has evolved from using "white steel knife threading" to high-speed hard turning, from thread grinding to high-speed whirlwind milling (soft and hard), from cutting processing to chip free precision rolling forming manufacturing, and from low-end, low-speed, and low precision to high-end, high-speed, and high-precision development. Efficiency, low consumption, and green have become the main themes of thread manufacturing technology development.

　　2、技術(shù)方案不斷升級提效，磨削始終為不可缺少的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)

　　2. Technological solutions are constantly upgrading and improving efficiency, and grinding remains an indispensable key link

　　絲杠螺紋的加工可以通過磨削、硬車削、軋制、旋風銑削等工藝實現(xiàn)，不同工藝優(yōu)缺點顯著：砂輪磨削：傳統(tǒng)的螺紋加工選擇，加工精度較高，工藝靈活，可以加工異形絲杠，缺點是效率較低；硬車削：生產(chǎn)效率較磨削明顯提升，同時避免因削熱導致絲杠硬度降低，但精度僅滿足中端要求；軋制：加工效率，但精度較低，過去多應用于低精度絲杠生產(chǎn)；旋風銑：兼具生產(chǎn)效率高和精度高的優(yōu)點，但是存在成本較高、無法加工異性絲杠等限制，滲透率有較大提升空間。考慮到降本訴求&量產(chǎn)效率，以磨削為主的傳統(tǒng)加工方式因耗時費力已不再適用。從現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)方案來看，絲杠生產(chǎn)商均考慮通過分解工序，同時組合不同工藝來實現(xiàn)提效：工序分解提高生產(chǎn)效率：精密高端絲杠加工流程繁瑣，傳統(tǒng)磨削工藝中螺紋磨削時間占整個工藝流程的2/3，根據(jù)《精密滾珠絲杠機械加工工藝規(guī)程研究》，磨制滾珠絲杠加工工藝周期達到30-45天。絲杠廠商已探索出成熟的流程分工，可劃分為前道（粗加工）、中道（半精加工）以及后道（精磨）三個步驟，為實現(xiàn)規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)打下基礎(chǔ)。以車代磨、以銑代磨、軋輥等新方案進一步減少磨削量：前道的車/銑技術(shù)成熟，并沒有太多新選擇；難的內(nèi)螺紋以及后期精磨需求也不可替代，因此改進主要來自于中道的工藝和設(shè)備升級，目前已有以車代磨、以銑代磨、軋輥等方案，核心目的都是進一步減少精磨的磨削量，保證高精度的同時提率。但磨削作為高精度螺紋加工的主要工藝，始終是不可缺少的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)：磨削工藝具體是指利用高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的成型砂輪對加工工件表面進行高速切削，主要分為粗磨、穩(wěn)定和精磨三個階段，精度可達P1級，是高精度絲杠螺紋的主要加工工藝。盡管新技術(shù)方案可以減少磨削量，但在特定場景以及精磨需求下，例如滾道的外圓和內(nèi)壁（車/銑的加工特性決定無法實現(xiàn)）、螺母的內(nèi)螺紋、滾柱齒輪圈等極高的精度要求，磨削始終是不可缺少的一環(huán)，特別對于高端絲杠加工。

　　The machining of screw threads can be achieved through processes such as grinding, hard turning, rolling, and whirlwind milling. The advantages and disadvantages of different processes are significant: grinding wheel grinding: a traditional thread machining choice with high machining accuracy and flexible technology, can process irregular shaped screws, but the disadvantage is low efficiency; Hard turning: The production efficiency is significantly improved compared to grinding, while avoiding a decrease in the hardness of the screw due to cutting heat, but the accuracy only meets the mid-range requirements; Rolling: The highest processing efficiency, but the accuracy is relatively low, and it was mostly used in the production of low precision lead screws in the past; Whirlwind milling: It has the advantages of high production efficiency and high precision, but there are limitations such as high cost and inability to process anisotropic lead screws, which provide significant room for improvement in penetration rate. Considering the demand for cost reduction and mass production efficiency, the traditional machining method mainly based on grinding is no longer applicable due to its time-consuming and labor-intensive nature. From the existing technical solutions, screw manufacturers consider decomposing processes and combining different processes to achieve efficiency improvement. Process decomposition improves production efficiency. The precision high-end screw processing process is cumbersome, and thread grinding time accounts for 2/3 of the entire process in traditional grinding technology. According to the "Research on Precision Ball Screw Mechanical Processing Process Regulations", the grinding process cycle of ball screw processing can reach 30-45 days. Screw manufacturers have explored mature process division of labor, which can be divided into three steps: rough machining, semi precision machining, and fine grinding, laying the foundation for achieving large-scale production. New solutions such as using cars instead of grinding, milling instead of grinding, and rolling mills further reduce the amount of grinding: the previous car/milling technology is mature and there are not many new options; The most difficult internal threads and the need for later precision grinding are also irreplaceable, so the improvement mainly comes from the upgrading of the process and equipment in the middle road. Currently, there are solutions such as using turning instead of grinding, milling instead of grinding, and rolling mills, with the core goal of further reducing the amount of precision grinding, ensuring high precision while improving efficiency. However, as the main process for high-precision thread machining, grinding has always been an indispensable key link: grinding technology specifically refers to the use of high-speed rotating forming grinding wheels to perform high-speed cutting on the surface of the workpiece, which is mainly divided into three stages: rough grinding, stable grinding, and fine grinding. The highest precision can reach P1 level, and it is the main processing technology for high-precision screw threads. Although new technological solutions can reduce the amount of grinding, in specific scenarios and precision grinding requirements, such as the outer and inner walls of the raceway (which cannot be achieved due to the machining characteristics of turning/milling), the internal threads of nuts, roller gear rings, and other extremely high precision requirements, grinding is always an indispensable part, especially for high-end screw machining.

　　3、旋風銑兼具效率＆精度，滲透率有望加速提升“旋風銑”精度高&加工效率快，未來滲透率有望提升。螺紋旋風銑削是用安裝在刀盤上的多把成形刀具，借助于刀盤旋轉(zhuǎn)中心與工件中心的偏移量ｅ來構(gòu)成漸進式的高速切削。減少切削產(chǎn)生的熱量：旋風硬銑削無需使用切削液實現(xiàn)干切削，產(chǎn)生的切削熱傳入切屑并迅速排出；加工精度較高：進行漸進式的切向斷續(xù)切削方式，切削深度小，導程精度可達P3；加工效率大幅提升：旋風銑工藝的加工效率約是磨削3-5倍，具有更好的金屬去除率。簡單來說，旋風銑工藝直接可以將螺紋滾道直接銑削出來，此時絲杠精度已基本滿足C4-C5。并且與傳統(tǒng)切削相比，旋風銑刀具使用壽命提高70%。

　　3. Whirlwind milling combines efficiency and accuracy, and the penetration rate is expected to accelerate. "Whirlwind milling" has high precision and fast processing efficiency, and the penetration rate is expected to increase in the future. Spiral whirlwind milling is a progressive high-speed cutting process that uses multiple forming tools installed on the cutter head, and utilizes the offset e between the rotation center of the cutter head and the center of the workpiece. Reduce the heat generated by cutting: Whirlwind hard milling does not require the use of cutting fluid to achieve dry cutting, and the cutting heat generated is transmitted to the chips and quickly discharged; High machining accuracy: using a progressive tangential intermittent cutting method, the cutting depth is small, and the lead accuracy can reach P3; greatly improving machining efficiency: the machining efficiency of cyclone milling technology is about 3-5 times that of grinding, with better metal removal rate. Simply put, the whirlwind milling process can directly mill the threaded raceway, and at this point, the accuracy of the screw has basically met C4-C5. And compared with traditional cutting, the service life of cyclone milling tools is increased by 70%.

　　4、軋制加工速度快，但精度偏低

　　4. The rolling processing speed is fast, but the accuracy is low

　　冷軋工藝加工速度快，精度偏低。絲杠冷滾壓工藝是上世紀六七十年代開始興起的金屬成形工藝新技術(shù)，是一種的無切屑加工，能有效地提高工件的內(nèi)在和表面質(zhì)量，加工時產(chǎn)生的徑向壓應力，不僅能使工件獲得高硬度和高光潔度的表面，同時能顯著提高工件的疲勞強度極限和扭轉(zhuǎn)強度，并且有較高的生產(chǎn)效率，是一種、、低耗的理想工藝；缺點在于精度偏低，難以進入C5級別。

　　Cold rolling process has fast processing speed but low accuracy. The screw cold rolling process is a new metal forming technology that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. It is an advanced chip free machining method that can effectively improve the internal and surface quality of workpieces. The radial compressive stress generated during machining not only enables workpieces to obtain high hardness and smoothness on the surface, but also significantly improves the fatigue strength limit and torsional strength of workpieces, and has high production efficiency. It is an ideal process that is efficient, energy-saving, and low consumption; The disadvantage is that the accuracy is low, making it difficult to enter the C5 level.

　　滾柱冷滾壓（冷軋）工序較為簡單。在滾柱成形過程中，工件自由放置在支承上，利用重力約束于兩滾壓輪之間，加工過程中，各項參數(shù)完全一致的兩滾壓輪同向旋轉(zhuǎn)，并利用同步帶帶動螺母絲杠機構(gòu)實現(xiàn)徑向進給運動，依靠摩擦力提供摩擦力矩帶動工件旋轉(zhuǎn)，并逐步壓入，形成終齒形。

　　The roller cold rolling (cold rolling) process is relatively simple. In the process of roller forming, the workpiece is freely placed on the support and constrained by gravity between the two rolling wheels. During the machining process, the two rolling wheels with completely identical parameters rotate in the same direction, and the synchronous belt drives the nut screw mechanism to achieve radial feed motion. The workpiece is rotated and gradually pressed into the final tooth shape by providing friction torque through friction force.

　　冷軋滾珠絲杠具備多重優(yōu)點：使用壽命較長、機械化精度和強度高。冷軋技術(shù)本身就要求高質(zhì)量的材料，高精度的工藝，冷軋滾珠絲桿也不例外。這就保證了絲杠原始的精度和質(zhì)量。經(jīng)過機械冷軋后，滾道面的硬度、密度、內(nèi)部組織結(jié)構(gòu)得到強化，之后進行熱處理，使整個滾輪絲杠的穩(wěn)定性更強。這樣的制作的工藝延長了滾珠絲杠的使用壽命，也能夠提高其質(zhì)量和精度。提高了資源利用率。傳統(tǒng)的研磨技術(shù)在制作中，或多或少都會造成鋼材資源的浪費。而冷軋滾珠絲杠因其采用的是冷加工工藝，故而能夠保證軋制過程中鋼材的完整性。對環(huán)境污染較少。冷軋技術(shù)在使用的過程中，基本上不會對周圍的環(huán)境造成重大污染，同時也不會產(chǎn)生大量廢物。生產(chǎn)效率高。研磨滾珠絲杠由于工序繁瑣，所以生產(chǎn)效率極低，生產(chǎn)周期較長，這些都嚴重影響企業(yè)的銷售和訂單量。相反，冷壓技術(shù)不但工序較為合理，生產(chǎn)周期大，而且能夠根據(jù)客戶不同的需求，制造不同型號的產(chǎn)品。Rexroth采用軋制工藝，技術(shù)全球。

　　Cold rolled ball screws have multiple advantages: long service life, high mechanical precision, and high strength. Cold rolling technology itself requires high-quality materials and high-precision processes, and cold-rolled ball screws are no exception. This ensures the original accuracy and quality of the screw. After mechanical cold rolling, the hardness, density, and internal structure of the raceway surface are strengthened, and then heat treatment is carried out to enhance the stability of the entire roller screw. This manufacturing process extends the service life of ball screws and can also improve their quality and accuracy. Improved resource utilization efficiency. Traditional grinding techniques often result in wastage of steel resources to varying degrees during production. The cold-rolled ball screw, due to its use of cold processing technology, can ensure the integrity of the steel during the rolling process. Less environmental pollution. Cold rolling technology does not cause significant pollution to the surrounding environment and does not generate a large amount of waste during use. High production efficiency. Grinding ball screws has extremely low production efficiency and long production cycles due to the tedious process, which seriously affects the sales and order volume of enterprises. On the contrary, cold pressing technology not only has a more reasonable process and a longer production cycle, but also can manufacture different models of products according to different customer needs. Rexroth adopts rolling technology, which is globally leading.

　　04市場壁壘

　　04 Market barriers

　　1、材料及熱處理需要深刻Knowhow積淀

　　1. Materials and heat treatment require a deep understanding of how to accumulate knowledge

　　材料與熱處理構(gòu)成了絲杠產(chǎn)品性能和可靠性的核心技術(shù)壁壘之一，材料選取、工藝流程和熱處理工藝上的不斷突破，為絲杠產(chǎn)品實現(xiàn)高精度、高耐磨性和長壽命提供了堅實保障。在高端傳動系統(tǒng)中，絲杠作為實現(xiàn)旋轉(zhuǎn)運動向直線運動轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)鍵部件，其性能在很大程度上取決于材料質(zhì)量和后續(xù)熱處理工藝。優(yōu)選的高強度材料與嚴苛的熱處理工藝，不僅決定了絲杠在高負載、高速運轉(zhuǎn)中的穩(wěn)定性和耐久性，同時也直接影響到其傳動效率和加工精度。行業(yè)內(nèi)普遍采用GCr15高碳鉻軸承鋼作為滾珠絲杠的主要材料，在行星滾柱絲杠的制造中更多應用50CrMo4合金鋼，這兩種材料均具有良好的機械性能和抗磨損特性，能夠在高速、高負載工況下保持穩(wěn)定的傳動狀態(tài)。

　　Materials and heat treatment constitute one of the core technical barriers to the performance and reliability of screw products. Continuous breakthroughs in material selection, process flow, and heat treatment technology provide solid guarantees for screw products to achieve high precision, high wear resistance, and long service life. In high-end transmission systems, the screw serves as a key component for converting rotational motion to linear motion, and its performance largely depends on material quality and subsequent heat treatment processes. The selected high-strength materials and rigorous heat treatment process not only determine the stability and durability of the screw under high load and high-speed operation, but also directly affect its transmission efficiency and machining accuracy. GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel is widely used as the main material for ball screws in the industry, and 50CrMo4 alloy steel is more commonly used in the manufacturing of planetary roller screws. Both materials have good mechanical properties and wear resistance, and can maintain a stable transmission state under high-speed and high load conditions.

　　滾珠絲杠常采用GCr15高碳鉻軸承鋼作為原材料。滾珠絲杠在工作時承受復雜的交變載荷、交變應力的作用，易產(chǎn)生彎曲扭轉(zhuǎn)組合變形，因此滾珠絲杠的滾道、軸頸必須具備高精度、高強度、高剛度、強耐磨性等良好的工程力學性能。滾珠絲杠通常采用GCr15高碳鉻軸承鋼作為材料，其在淬火加低溫回火后具備硬度高、組織均勻、耐磨性強、解除疲勞強度高等優(yōu)點，但同時也有塑性一般、切削性能中等、焊接性能差、回火脆性等缺點，因此需要在磨削滾珠絲杠粗加工前進行預先熱處理，通過球化退火把GCr15材料中的碳化物球化，得到在鐵素體基體上均勻分布的球狀或顆粒狀碳化物組織，降低材料組織硬度，提高材料塑性機能，改善材料金屬切削機加工性能。

　　Ball screws often use GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel as raw material. Ball screws are subjected to complex alternating loads and stresses during operation, and are prone to bending, twisting, and combined deformation. Therefore, the raceway and journal of ball screws must have good engineering mechanical properties such as high precision, high strength, high stiffness, and strong wear resistance. Ball screws usually use GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel as the material. After quenching and low-temperature tempering, it has the advantages of high hardness, uniform structure, strong wear resistance, and high fatigue strength. However, it also has disadvantages such as general plasticity, moderate cutting performance, poor welding performance, and tempering brittleness. Therefore, it is necessary to perform pre heat treatment before rough machining of ball screws. Through spheroidization annealing, the carbides in GCr15 material are spheroidized to obtain spherical or granular carbide structure uniformly distributed on the ferrite matrix, reducing the hardness of the material structure, improving the plasticity function of the material, and improving the metal cutting machine processing performance of the material.

　　行星滾柱絲杠的絲杠/螺母與滾柱分別選取合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼50CrMo4/GCr15高碳鉻軸承鋼作為原材料。在行星滾柱絲杠的運行過程中，絲杠螺母滾柱的螺紋滾道會受到連續(xù)、周期、頻繁的振動及摩擦，導致絲杠工件由于工作溫度升高而出現(xiàn)滾道磨損、熱變形等失效形式，因此需要選取硬度高、耐磨性強、承載力強及溫度適應性良好的材料，還需要考慮材料的切削性能及經(jīng)濟性。根據(jù)《航天精密傳動機構(gòu)行星滾柱絲杠的設(shè)計與研究》，絲杠常選用合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼50CrMo4，其強度和淬透性比35CrMo更好，調(diào)質(zhì)后有較高的疲勞極限和抗多次沖擊能力，低溫沖擊韌性良好，高溫情況下仍有高蠕變強度和持久強度；螺母和滾柱選取GCr15高碳鉻軸承鋼，其綜合性能良好，淬火和回火后具有高而均勻的硬度、良好的耐磨性和高的接觸疲勞壽命，熱加工變形性能和切削加工性能均較好。南京工藝行星滾柱絲杠副在淬火后的硬度可達HRC58以上，主要應用于伺服電動缸。

　　The screw/nut and roller of the planetary roller screw are made of alloy structural steel 50CrMo4/GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel as raw materials. During the operation of the planetary roller screw, the threaded raceway of the screw nut roller will be subjected to continuous, periodic, and frequent vibration and friction, resulting in failure forms such as raceway wear and thermal deformation of the screw workpiece due to the increase in working temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to select materials with high hardness, strong wear resistance, strong bearing capacity, and good temperature adaptability, and also consider the cutting performance and economy of the materials. According to the "Design and Research of Planetary Roller Screw for Aerospace Precision Transmission Mechanism", alloy structural steel 50CrMo4 is commonly used for the screw, which has better strength and hardenability than 35CrMo. After quenching and tempering, it has a higher fatigue limit and multiple impact resistance. It has good low-temperature impact toughness and still has high creep strength and endurance strength under high temperature conditions; The nut and roller are made of GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel, which has good comprehensive performance. After quenching and tempering, it has high and uniform hardness, good wear resistance, and high contact fatigue life. Its hot working deformation performance and cutting performance are both good. The hardness of the planetary roller screw pair produced by Nanjing Craft can reach HRC58 or above after quenching, and it is mainly used in servo electric cylinders.

　　此外，隨著制造技術(shù)的不斷進步，各企業(yè)在材料優(yōu)化方面也不斷探索新型合金和復合材料的應用，旨在進一步提高絲杠的整體性能。通過引入新型高強度材料，不僅能提升絲杠的耐磨性和抗沖擊能力，還能在一定程度上降低因材料老化和疲勞引起的性能衰減，從而延長產(chǎn)品使用壽命，為高端設(shè)備的長期穩(wěn)定運行提供更為可靠的保障。

　　In addition, with the continuous advancement of manufacturing technology, various enterprises are also exploring the application of new alloys and composite materials in material optimization, aiming to further improve the overall performance of the screw. By introducing new high-strength materials, not only can the wear resistance and impact resistance of the screw be improved, but also the performance degradation caused by material aging and fatigue can be reduced to a certain extent, thereby extending the service life of the product and providing more reliable guarantee for the long-term stable operation of high-end equipment.

　　熱處理對絲杠成品零件的制造質(zhì)量、精度具有較大影響，需要深刻Knowhow積淀，在制造高端絲杠產(chǎn)品過程中占據(jù)著舉足輕重的地位。熱處理主要分為預備熱處理與終熱處理。預備熱處理的作用是改善絲杠切削性能、殘余應力、為終熱處理做準備，而終熱處理的作用是提高螺紋表面硬度及耐磨性。根據(jù)《循環(huán)式行星滾柱絲杠副的設(shè)計》，熱處理后的GCr15高碳鉻軸承鋼的屈服強度提升3-5倍，硬度提升2-3倍，機械強度及剛度顯著提升。

　　Heat treatment has a significant impact on the manufacturing quality and accuracy of finished screw parts, requiring a deep understanding and accumulation of knowledge. It plays a crucial role in the production of high-end screw products. Heat treatment is mainly divided into preliminary heat treatment and final heat treatment. The function of preliminary heat treatment is to improve the cutting performance of the screw, eliminate residual stress, and prepare for final heat treatment, while the function of final heat treatment is to improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of the thread. According to the design of the cyclic planetary roller screw pair, the yield strength of GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel after heat treatment is increased by 3-5 times, the hardness is increased by 2-3 times, and the mechanical strength and stiffness are significantly improved.

　　熱處理工藝需要深刻Knowhow積淀，國內(nèi)廠商近年來已取得一定進步，但在工藝參數(shù)選擇等方面仍與海外有一定差距，導致絲杠的精度及可靠性落后于海外。熱處理工藝作為實現(xiàn)絲杠產(chǎn)品高性能的重要環(huán)節(jié)，其核心在于通過精密熱處理流程材料內(nèi)部應力、提高表面硬度并確保產(chǎn)品尺寸穩(wěn)定。傳統(tǒng)的熱處理方法如感應淬火和深冷處理，已被廣泛應用于滾珠絲杠和行星滾柱絲杠的生產(chǎn)中。

　　The heat treatment process requires a deep understanding of how to accumulate knowledge. Domestic manufacturers have made certain progress in recent years, but there is still a certain gap with overseas in terms of process parameter selection, resulting in the accuracy and reliability of the screw lagging behind overseas. The heat treatment process, as an important part of achieving high performance of screw products, lies in eliminating internal stress of materials, improving surface hardness, and ensuring product dimensional stability through precision heat treatment processes. Traditional heat treatment methods such as induction hardening and cryogenic treatment have been widely used in the production of ball screws and planetary roller screws.

　　在感應淬火工藝方面，其主要作用在于對絲杠工作表面進行快速加熱和淬火，使表面硬度達到HRC58-63，從而提高傳動系統(tǒng)在高負載條件下的耐磨性和抗疲勞性能。高精度傳動部件在加工過程中對熱處理工藝的要求嚴格，必須在保證高硬度的同時，防止因熱應力不均導致的變形和尺寸誤差。據(jù)《精密滾珠絲杠表面感應加熱淬火工藝研究》，目前日本THK、NSK和臺灣PMI等公司目選用滾珠絲材料并且掌握的熱處理控制技術(shù)，其加工制造的重載、精密滾珠絲杠副處于水平，滾珠絲杠副的運行速度可達200米/分，并且具有很高的精度保持性。近幾年,國內(nèi)企業(yè)通過引進國外的淬火機床設(shè)備和進行絲杠感應火工藝的改進，使?jié)L珠絲杠的制造水平有了顯著提升。但是，國內(nèi)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的性能指標主要是滿足中低端數(shù)控機床的應用。

　　In terms of induction hardening technology, its main function is to quickly heat and quench the working surface of the screw, so that the surface hardness reaches HRC58-63, thereby improving the wear resistance and fatigue resistance of the transmission system under high load conditions. High precision transmission components require strict heat treatment processes during the machining process, which must ensure high hardness while preventing deformation and dimensional errors caused by uneven thermal stress. According to the research on surface induction heating quenching process of precision ball screws, companies such as THK, NSK in Japan, and PMI in Taiwan currently use high-quality ball screw materials and master advanced heat treatment control technology. Their heavy-duty and precision ball screw pairs are at the international leading level, with a running speed of up to 200 meters per minute and high precision retention. In recent years, domestic enterprises have significantly improved the manufacturing level of ball screws by introducing advanced quenching machine equipment from abroad and improving the screw induction fire process. However, the performance indicators of existing domestic products mainly meet the application of mid to low end CNC machine tools.

　　此外，深冷處理作為一種新興的熱處理技術(shù)，正逐步在高端絲杠產(chǎn)品中得到應用。深冷處理可以在低溫環(huán)境下對材料進行進一步的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)控，從而提高材料的穩(wěn)定性和耐磨性，防止因長期高負載運行而產(chǎn)生的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)變化。據(jù)相關(guān)論文，深冷處理不僅能夠延長絲杠的使用壽命，還能在一定程度上提高傳動系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)響應能力，為高端應用提供更為堅實的技術(shù)保障。材料與熱處理工藝的協(xié)同也是絲杠實現(xiàn)突破性進展的重要動力。高性能絲杠產(chǎn)品的制造不僅依賴于材料和熱處理工藝的單獨作用，更在于兩者的有機結(jié)合。通過優(yōu)化材料成分和冶煉工藝，再結(jié)合精密的熱處理流程，能夠顯著提升產(chǎn)品的整體性能。例如，GCr15材料經(jīng)過球化退火后，其內(nèi)部微結(jié)構(gòu)更加均勻，為感應淬火提供了優(yōu)良的前提條件，使得終產(chǎn)品在表面硬度和耐磨性上都達到極高標準。同時，對于行星滾柱絲杠而言，50CrMo4合金鋼與深冷處理的協(xié)同應用，不僅提升了產(chǎn)品的抗疲勞性，還改善了在高速運動中的穩(wěn)定性和傳動效率。

　　In addition, cryogenic treatment, as an emerging heat treatment technology, is gradually being applied in high-end screw products. Cryogenic treatment can further regulate the structure of materials in low-temperature environments, thereby improving their stability and wear resistance, and preventing microstructural changes caused by long-term high load operation. According to relevant papers, cryogenic treatment can not only extend the service life of the screw, but also improve the dynamic response capability of the transmission system to a certain extent, providing more solid technical support for high-end applications. The synergy between materials and heat treatment processes is also an important driving force for breakthrough progress in screw production. The manufacturing of high-performance screw products not only relies on the separate effects of high-quality materials and advanced heat treatment processes, but also on the organic combination of the two. By optimizing material composition and smelting process, combined with precise heat treatment process, the overall performance of the product can be significantly improved. For example, after spheroidization annealing, the internal microstructure of GCr15 material becomes more uniform, providing excellent prerequisites for induction hardening, resulting in the final product reaching extremely high standards in surface hardness and wear resistance. Meanwhile, for planetary roller screws, the synergistic application of 50CrMo4 alloy steel and cryogenic treatment not only enhances the product's fatigue resistance, but also improves its stability and transmission efficiency during high-speed motion.

　　材料與熱處理工藝的整合是實現(xiàn)絲杠高性能的關(guān)鍵所在，這也是企業(yè)在高端絲杠產(chǎn)品國際競爭中保持技術(shù)的重要原因。長期以來，我國高端絲杠市場主要依賴進口產(chǎn)品，其核心技術(shù)和工藝參數(shù)與國際水平相比仍有較大差距。目前國內(nèi)高端產(chǎn)品在材料均勻性、表面質(zhì)量以及尺寸精度方面已經(jīng)取得顯著進步，但在熱處理穩(wěn)定性和耐久性方面仍需不斷改進。通過引進深冷處理等新工藝，部分企業(yè)已成功將產(chǎn)品壽命延長，且在高負載、高動態(tài)條件下的性能表現(xiàn)得到了有效保障。

　　The integration of materials and heat treatment processes is the key to achieving high performance of lead screws, and it is also an important reason for enterprises to maintain technological leadership in international competition for high-end lead screw products. For a long time, China's high-end screw market has mainly relied on imported products, and its core technology and process parameters still have a significant gap compared to the international advanced level. At present, domestic high-end products have made significant progress in material uniformity, surface quality, and dimensional accuracy, but there is still a need for continuous improvement in heat treatment stability and durability. By introducing new processes such as cryogenic treatment, some companies have successfully extended the lifespan of their products and effectively ensured their performance under high load and high dynamic conditions.

　　材料與熱處理作為絲杠產(chǎn)品技術(shù)壁壘中的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)之一，通過優(yōu)選高性能材料、引入熱處理工藝以及實現(xiàn)兩者的有機整合，構(gòu)成了提高絲杠傳動系統(tǒng)整體性能的重要技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。隨著更多自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的核心技術(shù)的突破，通過自主研發(fā)不斷優(yōu)化材料選擇和熱處理流程，我國高端絲杠產(chǎn)品在國際市場中的競爭力有望進一步提升，實現(xiàn)從“跟隨者”向“者”的轉(zhuǎn)變。此外，通過不斷優(yōu)化熱處理參數(shù)和材料配比，不僅可以降低生產(chǎn)過程中能耗和材料浪費，還能通過提高產(chǎn)品一致性和合格率，降低檢測和返工成本，即材料與熱處理工藝的技術(shù)進步也為整個產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的降本和規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)提供了有力支撐。

　　Materials and heat treatment, as one of the key links in the technical barriers of screw products, constitute an important technical foundation for improving the overall performance of screw transmission systems by selecting high-performance materials, introducing advanced heat treatment processes, and achieving organic integration of the two. With the breakthrough of more core technologies with independent intellectual property rights, and through continuous optimization of material selection and heat treatment processes through independent research and development, the competitiveness of China's high-end screw products in the international market is expected to be further enhanced, achieving a transformation from a "follower" to a "leader". In addition, by continuously optimizing heat treatment parameters and material ratios, not only can energy consumption and material waste be reduced in the production process, but also testing and rework costs can be reduced by improving product consistency and qualification rates. The technological progress of materials and heat treatment processes also provides strong support for cost reduction and large-scale production of the entire industry chain.

　　2、加工工藝是制造環(huán)節(jié)的核心壁壘

　　2. Processing technology is the core barrier in the manufacturing process

　　加工工藝作為絲杠產(chǎn)品制造中的核心環(huán)節(jié)，不僅直接決定了產(chǎn)品的傳動精度、耐磨性和使用壽命，更在降低制造成本、提升生產(chǎn)效率和實現(xiàn)規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)方面發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。在高端裝備制造領(lǐng)域，絲杠產(chǎn)品要求在高速、高負載及高動態(tài)響應下仍能保持穩(wěn)定的傳動性能，而這一切的實現(xiàn)離不開加工工藝的支撐。通過不斷優(yōu)化傳統(tǒng)加工工藝、引入新型切削技術(shù)和推廣自動化生產(chǎn)模式，行業(yè)內(nèi)正逐步實現(xiàn)從傳統(tǒng)高成本、低效率生產(chǎn)模式向高精度、低能耗和高產(chǎn)能轉(zhuǎn)型。從傳統(tǒng)磨削、車削、旋風銑、以車代磨及軋制工藝等方面分別展開來看：

　　As the core link in the manufacturing of screw products, processing technology not only directly determines the transmission accuracy, wear resistance, and service life of the product, but also plays a key role in reducing manufacturing costs, improving production efficiency, and achieving large-scale production. In the field of high-end equipment manufacturing, screw products require stable transmission performance under high speed, high load, and high dynamic response, and all of this cannot be achieved without the support of advanced processing technology. By continuously optimizing traditional machining processes, introducing new cutting technologies, and promoting automated production modes, the industry is gradually transitioning from traditional high cost, low efficiency production modes to high-precision, low energy consumption, and high production capacity. From the perspectives of traditional grinding, turning, whirlwind milling, replacing grinding with turning, and rolling processes:

　　磨削工藝作為高精度傳動系統(tǒng)制造的核心，盡管周期長、設(shè)備昂貴、工序工藝控制要求高，但其高精度和表面質(zhì)量為高端絲杠產(chǎn)品奠定了基礎(chǔ)。其主要工藝壁壘在于需要確保磨削砂輪的精準控制和磨粒分布均勻，以防止因局部過熱和不均勻磨削而產(chǎn)生的表面缺陷。高精度的磨削工藝不僅能夠達到極低的表面粗糙度，還保證了絲杠在高速和高負載狀態(tài)下的穩(wěn)定傳動性能，從而為高端機床和機器人等應用提供強有力的技術(shù)支撐。

　　Grinding technology, as the core of high-precision transmission system manufacturing, has long cycles, expensive equipment, and high process control requirements. However, its high precision and surface quality lay the foundation for high-end screw products. The main technological barrier lies in the need to ensure precise control of the grinding wheel and uniform distribution of abrasive particles to prevent surface defects caused by local overheating and uneven grinding. The high-precision grinding process not only achieves extremely low surface roughness, but also ensures the stable transmission performance of the screw under high-speed and high load conditions, providing strong technical support for high-end machine tools and robots applications.

　　車削工藝具有加工速度快和工藝簡便的優(yōu)點，但其精度往往難以滿足終產(chǎn)品要求，通常與磨削工藝相結(jié)合，主要在粗加工階段發(fā)揮重要作用。作為前道工序，為后續(xù)精密磨削提供了良好的毛坯狀態(tài)，同時提高了整體生產(chǎn)效率。旋風銑工藝以其、綠色和一次成形的特點，正成為未來高端絲杠產(chǎn)品降本增效的重要技術(shù)路徑之一。

　　Turning technology has the advantages of fast processing speed and simple process, but its accuracy is often difficult to meet the requirements of the final product. It is usually combined with grinding technology and plays an important role in the rough machining stage. As a preceding process, it provides a good blank state for subsequent precision grinding, while improving overall production efficiency. The whirlwind milling process, with its high efficiency, green and one-time forming characteristics, is becoming one of the important technical paths for cost reduction and efficiency improvement of high-end screw products in the future.

　　以車代磨技術(shù)利用硬車削技術(shù)來替代傳統(tǒng)磨削，直接在粗加工階段就實現(xiàn)較高的表面精度，既縮短了生產(chǎn)周期，又降低了因多次裝夾造成的誤差，是實現(xiàn)低成本生產(chǎn)的有效手段。

　　The technology of replacing traditional grinding with car turning technology uses hard turning technology to achieve high surface accuracy directly in the rough machining stage, which not only shortens the production cycle but also reduces errors caused by multiple clamping, making it an effective means of achieving efficient and low-cost production.

　　軋制工藝在中低端市場中憑借、低能耗、資源利用率高的特點，占據(jù)了一定的市場份額，但在高精度要求上存在局限（通常在C7級及以下）。隨著工藝技術(shù)的不斷改進，部分領(lǐng)域正嘗試通過結(jié)合軋制與其他加工技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品性能與成本的平衡。

　　Rolling technology has occupied a certain market share in the mid to low end market due to its high efficiency, low energy consumption, and high resource utilization. However, there are limitations in high-precision requirements (usually at C7 level and below). With the continuous improvement of process technology, some fields are trying to achieve the best balance between product performance and cost by combining rolling and other processing technologies.

　　與此同時，加工工藝的不斷優(yōu)化和新型技術(shù)的引入正在推動絲杠產(chǎn)品實現(xiàn)從傳統(tǒng)加工向智能化、自動化生產(chǎn)模式的轉(zhuǎn)變。國際上，在絲杠加工工藝上長期占據(jù)地位，主要依靠瑞士、德國等國的高精密磨床和數(shù)控設(shè)備，實現(xiàn)了極高的加工精度和生產(chǎn)效率。然而，近年來，國內(nèi)企業(yè)通過引進消化再創(chuàng)新，在加工工藝上也取得了顯著進步，如在旋風銑和以車代磨技術(shù)上的突破，使得高端絲杠產(chǎn)品在精度、耐磨性和成本控制方面取得了長足進展，部分產(chǎn)品的性能指標已接近甚達到國際水平。技術(shù)進步和設(shè)備更新的協(xié)同作用，正為國產(chǎn)絲杠產(chǎn)品實現(xiàn)高端替代和自主可控提供了強有力的保障，未來我國在全球絲杠加工領(lǐng)域的市場競爭力將不斷增強。隨著工業(yè)4.0和智能制造的深入發(fā)展，全球絲杠制造企業(yè)正加快引進數(shù)字化生產(chǎn)線和自動化檢測系統(tǒng)。通過將的數(shù)控技術(shù)、機器人自動化裝配以及大數(shù)據(jù)實時監(jiān)控引入生產(chǎn)過程，不僅可以實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品加工精度的持續(xù)穩(wěn)定，還能大幅提高生產(chǎn)效率和降低廢品率。智能制造和自動化檢測系統(tǒng)的應用，能夠有效減少人工干預，縮短加工周期，同時保證每一根絲杠產(chǎn)品在尺寸、表面粗糙度以及力學性能等關(guān)鍵指標上的高一致性。這種技術(shù)進步對于提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、降低制造成本具有重要意義，也為全球絲杠產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的升級提供了強有力的技術(shù)支撐。

　　At the same time, the continuous optimization of processing technology and the introduction of new technologies are driving the transformation of screw products from traditional processing to intelligent and automated production modes. Internationally, advanced countries have long held a leading position in screw machining technology, mainly relying on high-precision grinding machines and CNC equipment from countries such as Switzerland and Germany to achieve extremely high machining accuracy and production efficiency. However, in recent years, domestic enterprises have made significant progress in processing technology by introducing, digesting, and innovating, such as breakthroughs in cyclone milling and turning instead of grinding technology, which have enabled high-end screw products to make significant progress in accuracy, wear resistance, and cost control. The performance indicators of some products have approached or even reached the international advanced level. The synergistic effect of technological progress and equipment updates is providing strong guarantees for the high-end substitution and independent controllability of domestic screw products. In the future, China's market competitiveness in the global screw processing field will continue to strengthen. With the deepening development of Industry 4.0 and intelligent manufacturing, global screw manufacturing enterprises are accelerating the introduction of digital production lines and automated detection systems. By introducing advanced numerical control technology, robot automation assembly, and real-time monitoring of big data into the production process, not only can the continuous stability of product processing accuracy be achieved, but production efficiency can also be greatly improved and the scrap rate can be reduced. The application of intelligent manufacturing and automated detection systems can effectively reduce manual intervention, shorten processing cycles, and ensure high consistency in key indicators such as size, surface roughness, and mechanical properties of each screw product. This technological advancement is of great significance for improving product quality, reducing manufacturing costs, and providing strong technical support for the upgrading of the global screw industry chain.

　　3、高端設(shè)備進口依賴，國產(chǎn)設(shè)備瓶頸持續(xù)攻堅

　　3. High end equipment import dependence, domestic equipment bottleneck continues to be overcome

　　高端絲杠制造中的設(shè)備瓶頸一直是制約行業(yè)自主可控和規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)的重要因素，其核心在于關(guān)鍵加工設(shè)備和檢測儀器主要依賴國外技術(shù)，影響了國內(nèi)高端絲杠產(chǎn)品的制造效率和成本競爭力。高端絲杠產(chǎn)品的加工工藝要求高，無論是在螺紋磨削、旋風銑削還是在精密測量與檢測環(huán)節(jié)，都需要配備世界一流的設(shè)備。國際上主導高端絲杠生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，如高精度螺紋磨床和旋風銑床，主要來自德國、日本、瑞士等的企業(yè)，其技術(shù)成熟、工藝穩(wěn)定，能夠保證產(chǎn)品在高速、高負載條件下的精密加工。這些設(shè)備昂貴、交貨周期長，且進口依賴嚴重，導致國內(nèi)相關(guān)企業(yè)在高端產(chǎn)品制造上存在較大技術(shù)和成本劣勢。

　　The equipment bottleneck in high-end screw manufacturing has always been an important factor restricting the industry's independent controllability and large-scale production. Its core lies in the fact that key processing equipment and testing instruments mainly rely on advanced foreign technology, which affects the manufacturing efficiency and cost competitiveness of domestic high-end screw products. The processing technology requirements for high-end screw products are high, whether it is thread grinding, whirlwind milling, or precision measurement and testing, world-class equipment is needed. The key equipment leading high-end screw production internationally, such as high-precision thread grinders and cyclone milling machines, mainly come from enterprises in Germany, Japan, Switzerland and other countries. Their mature technology and stable processes can ensure precise machining of products under high-speed and high load conditions. These devices are expensive, have long delivery cycles, and heavily rely on imports, resulting in significant technological and cost disadvantages for domestic enterprises in high-end product manufacturing.

　　在關(guān)鍵加工設(shè)備方面，螺紋磨床和旋風銑床構(gòu)成了高端絲杠制造的技術(shù)“心臟”。

　　In terms of key processing equipment, thread grinders and whirlwind milling machines form the technological "heart" of high-end screw manufacturing.

　　螺紋磨床：磨削工藝在加工過程中需要經(jīng)過多道工序，每一步都對設(shè)備的精度和穩(wěn)定性提出高要求，而高端螺紋磨床正是滿足這一需求的關(guān)鍵裝備。螺紋磨床作為實現(xiàn)螺紋高精度成形的核心設(shè)備，其加工精度和穩(wěn)定性直接決定了絲杠的傳動精度和使用壽命。自從瑞士SIP公司于1917年研制出世界上臺螺紋磨床，今已經(jīng)有100多年的發(fā)展歷史。國外相關(guān)螺紋磨床生產(chǎn)廠家從20世紀90年代就開始大力發(fā)展數(shù)控螺紋磨床，為研制和生產(chǎn)高端滾珠絲杠副產(chǎn)品提供了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。比較的數(shù)控螺紋床生產(chǎn)廠家大多出自于瑞士、英國、日本和德國等發(fā)達，其中典型的磨床廠商有瑞士萊森豪爾、英國MATRIX、日本三井、德國SMC、德國Kapp等。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)數(shù)控螺紋磨床的骨干企業(yè)包括漢江機床、上海機床廠等近年來奮力直追國外技術(shù)，目前已經(jīng)能夠自主設(shè)計和制造具有世界水平的數(shù)控螺紋磨床，但在穩(wěn)定性、重復定位精度和自動化水平上尚有部分差距，導致產(chǎn)品批次間的一致性和可靠性可能難以完全滿足高端應用需求。

　　Thread grinder: The grinding process requires multiple steps in the machining process, each of which places high demands on the accuracy and stability of the equipment. High end thread grinders are the key equipment to meet this demand. As the core equipment for achieving high-precision thread forming, the machining accuracy and stability of the thread grinder directly determine the transmission accuracy and service life of the screw. Since the Swiss SIP company developed the world's first thread grinding machine in 1917, it has a development history of more than 100 years. Foreign manufacturers of thread grinders have been vigorously developing CNC thread grinders since the 1990s, providing a technical foundation for the development and production of high-end ball screw by-products. Most of the well-known CNC thread machine manufacturers come from developed countries such as Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany. Typical grinding machine manufacturers include Swiss Laisenhauer, British MATRIX, Japanese Mitsui, German SMC, and German Kapp. The backbone enterprises producing CNC thread grinders in China, including Hanjiang Machine Tool and Shanghai Machine Tool Factory, have been striving to catch up with advanced foreign technologies in recent years. Currently, they are able to independently design and manufacture CNC thread grinders with world advanced levels. However, there are still some gaps in stability, repeatability accuracy, and automation level, which may result in difficulty in fully meeting the consistency and reliability of product batches for high-end applications.

　　旋風銑床：利用高速旋轉(zhuǎn)刀盤上的PCBN成型刀具一次性銑削出完整螺紋，該方法比傳統(tǒng)加工效率提高5倍以上，切屑長而薄、可帶走大部分熱量，旋銑切削力小、工件變形小，加工后的零件精度高、表面粗糙度值低，其、綠色的特點為降低加工周期和成本提供了有力支撐。德國等西方工業(yè)發(fā)達從20世紀60年代就已經(jīng)對旋風銑削工藝技術(shù)進行研究，并在80年代推出CNC旋風銑床，用于滾珠絲杠的硬銑削加工，知名企業(yè)是德國Leistritz公司，其LWN300HP產(chǎn)品加工長度長可達12m、加工直徑32-160mm。我國在這一方面發(fā)展較慢，大型絲杠銑床主要依賴進口，而昂貴的是制約我國制造技術(shù)提高的關(guān)鍵因素，目前部分機床廠商自研已取得一定進展。由于相關(guān)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備售價高昂，且交付期較長，因此具備較強資金實力、在絲杠行業(yè)布局較早的公司或具備一定優(yōu)勢。

　　Whirlwind milling machine: using PCBN forming tools on a high-speed rotating cutter head to mill complete threads in one go, this method improves processing efficiency by more than 5 times compared to traditional methods. The chips are long and thin, can take away most of the heat, the cutting force of rotary milling is small, the workpiece deformation is small, the precision of the processed parts is high, and the surface roughness value is low. Its efficient and green characteristics provide strong support for reducing processing cycles and costs. Developed Western industrial countries such as Germany have been researching the cyclone milling technology since the 1960s, and introduced CNC cyclone milling machines for hard milling of ball screws in the 1980s. The most well-known enterprise is Leistritz, a German company, whose LWN300HP product can have a processing length of up to 12m and a processing diameter of 32-160mm. China's development in this area is slow, and large screw milling machines mainly rely on imports. The expensive price is a key factor restricting the improvement of manufacturing technology in China. Currently, some machine tool manufacturers have made certain progress in their own research. Due to the high selling price and long delivery time of related production equipment, companies with strong financial strength and early layout in the screw industry may have certain advantages.

　　在檢測與測量設(shè)備方面，精密測量儀器是確保絲杠加工質(zhì)量和一致性的重要保障。在高精度加工領(lǐng)域，檢測設(shè)備也扮演著關(guān)鍵角色，其能夠?qū)崟r監(jiān)控絲杠在加工過程中的尺寸變化、表面粗糙度及微小振動情況，從而確保每一根產(chǎn)品都能達到嚴格的技術(shù)指標要求。高端絲杠產(chǎn)品的檢測精度直接影響整機的性能，而目前這類精密檢測設(shè)備大多依賴于進口技術(shù)，既使得成本居高不下，也限制了國內(nèi)自主研發(fā)和技術(shù)改造的步伐。檢測設(shè)備的瓶頸問題不僅延長了生產(chǎn)周期，還增加了生產(chǎn)成本，進而制約了整個高端絲杠產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的競爭力和市場擴展能力。

　　In terms of detection and measurement equipment, precision measuring instruments are an important guarantee for ensuring the quality and consistency of screw machining. In the field of high-precision machining, detection equipment also plays a key role. It can monitor the size changes, surface roughness, and small vibrations of the screw in real-time during the machining process, ensuring that every product meets strict technical specifications. The detection accuracy of high-end screw products directly affects the performance of the whole machine, and currently, most of these precision detection equipment rely on imported technology, which not only makes the cost high, but also limits the pace of domestic independent research and technological transformation. The bottleneck problem of detection equipment not only prolongs the production cycle, but also increases production costs, thereby restricting the competitiveness and market expansion ability of the entire high-end screw industry chain.

　　從技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢的角度看，設(shè)備瓶頸將成為國內(nèi)外高端絲杠產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭的焦點，突破設(shè)備瓶頸是推動國產(chǎn)高端絲杠實現(xiàn)技術(shù)自主可控的重要方向。隨著全球智能制造和工業(yè)自動化的不斷推進，未來高端絲杠產(chǎn)品對設(shè)備精度、自動化水平和生產(chǎn)效率的要求將更加嚴苛，設(shè)備瓶頸問題不僅影響當前產(chǎn)品的制造質(zhì)量和成本控制，更將對未來市場競爭格局產(chǎn)生深遠影響。只有通過持續(xù)的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和設(shè)備改造，突破進口設(shè)備依賴，實現(xiàn)高精度、率和低能耗設(shè)備的國產(chǎn)化，才能使我國在高端絲杠制造領(lǐng)域占據(jù)主動。近年來，在“制造強國”戰(zhàn)略的推動下，國內(nèi)企業(yè)和科研機構(gòu)正加大在高精密設(shè)備研發(fā)和技術(shù)改造方面的投入，力爭打破國外設(shè)備壟斷。目前部分企業(yè)已開始嘗試自主研發(fā)高精度螺紋磨床和旋風銑床，結(jié)合數(shù)字化控制和智能檢測技術(shù)，提升設(shè)備的穩(wěn)定性和精度水平。此外，利用工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)進行設(shè)備狀態(tài)監(jiān)控和預測維護，也為設(shè)備改造提供了新的思路。通過這些技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，不僅可以縮短設(shè)備的研發(fā)周期和降低生產(chǎn)成本，還能逐步實現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵設(shè)備的國產(chǎn)化，從根本上解決高端絲杠制造中的設(shè)備瓶頸問題。雖然這一進程仍面臨技術(shù)、資金和市場等多重挑戰(zhàn)，但相關(guān)人士認為，未來在高端設(shè)備領(lǐng)域，國產(chǎn)高精度螺紋磨床和旋風銑床的突破有望在中長期內(nèi)顯著提升國內(nèi)高端絲杠產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平和市場競爭力，從而推動全球絲杠產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的重構(gòu)和在國際市場的份額的提升。

　　From the perspective of technological innovation and industrial development trends, equipment bottlenecks will become the focus of competition in the high-end screw industry both domestically and internationally. Breaking through equipment bottlenecks is an important direction for promoting domestic high-end screws to achieve technological independence and controllability. With the continuous advancement of global intelligent manufacturing and industrial automation, the requirements for equipment accuracy, automation level, and production efficiency of high-end screw products in the future will become more stringent. Equipment bottleneck problems not only affect the manufacturing quality and cost control of current products, but also have a profound impact on the future market competition pattern. Only through continuous technological innovation and equipment transformation, breaking through the dependence on imported equipment, and achieving the localization of high-precision, high-efficiency, and low-energy consuming equipment, can China take the initiative in the field of high-end screw manufacturing. In recent years, driven by the national strategy of "building a strong manufacturing country", domestic enterprises and research institutions are increasing their investment in high-precision equipment research and technological transformation, striving to break the monopoly of foreign equipment. At present, some enterprises have begun to independently develop high-precision thread grinding machines and whirlwind milling machines, combining digital control and intelligent detection technology to improve the stability and accuracy level of the equipment. In addition, the use of industrial Internet and big data technology for equipment status monitoring and predictive maintenance also provides new ideas for equipment transformation. Through these technological innovations, not only can the R&D cycle of equipment be shortened and production costs reduced, but also the localization of key equipment can be gradually achieved, fundamentally solving the equipment bottleneck problem in high-end screw manufacturing. Although this process still faces multiple challenges such as technology, funding, and market, relevant personnel believe that in the field of high-end equipment in the future, breakthroughs in domestically produced high-precision thread grinders and whirlwind milling machines are expected to significantly improve the technological level and market competitiveness of domestic high-end screw products in the medium and long term, thereby promoting the reconstruction of the global screw industry chain and the increase of market share in the international market.

　　05產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈分析

　　05 Industry Chain Analysis

　　1、絲杠產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈概況

　　1. Overview of the Screw Industry Chain

　　絲杠產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上游為原材料及零部件，中游為絲杠加工制造，下游應用場景包括航空航天、機器人、機床等眾多領(lǐng)域。從市場分布來看，絲杠目前主要應用于機床領(lǐng)域，與導軌共同組成機床傳動、定位的核心零部件。

　　The upstream of the screw industry chain is raw materials and components, the midstream is screw processing and manufacturing, and the downstream application scenarios include aerospace, robotics, machine tools, and many other fields. From the perspective of market distribution, lead screws are currently mainly used in the field of machine tools, and together with guide rails, they form the core components of machine tool transmission and positioning.

　　精度是衡量絲杠性能的關(guān)鍵指標。根據(jù)《中華人民共和國標準GB/T17587.3-2017》，國內(nèi)滾珠絲杠副分為定位（P型）和傳動（T型）兩類，精度等級劃分為0、1、2、3、4、5、7、10八個等級，0級精度，10級精度。衡量精度關(guān)鍵的數(shù)據(jù)為行程變動量，指以任取長度為300mm的一段絲杠，測量實際移動距離和理想移動距離的偏差來表示，P0級滾珠絲杠副在任意300mm內(nèi)行程變動量要求為3.5μm，任意2π行程內(nèi)行程變動量要求為3μm。絲杠生產(chǎn)工藝復雜，使用設(shè)備較多。絲杠生產(chǎn)工藝復雜，生產(chǎn)制造需要經(jīng)歷下料、熱處理、校直、金屬加工、檢測等多道工序，在初期設(shè)計及原材料選取上有較高要求。

　　Accuracy is a key indicator for measuring the performance of a screw. According to the National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB/T17587.3-2017, domestic ball screw pairs are divided into two categories: positioning (P-type) and transmission (T-shaped), with accuracy levels divided into eight levels: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10. Level 0 has the highest accuracy and level 10 has the lowest accuracy. The most critical data for measuring accuracy is the stroke variation, which refers to the deviation between the actual movement distance and the ideal movement distance measured for any length of 300mm of a screw. The P0 level ball screw pair requires a stroke variation of 3.5 μ m within any 300mm and 3 μ m within any 2 π stroke. The production process of screw is complex and requires a lot of equipment. The production process of screw is complex, and manufacturing requires multiple processes such as cutting, heat treatment, straightening, metal processing, and testing. There are high requirements for initial design and raw material selection.

　　絲杠生產(chǎn)常用原材料為碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼、Cr（鉻）/Mo（鉬）合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼、馬氏體/滲碳不銹鋼。目前Cr/Mo合金鋼應用較多，國產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品性能相較國外產(chǎn)品在材料純度和組織結(jié)構(gòu)均勻性上有一定差距。設(shè)備方面，絲杠生產(chǎn)過程中需要用到熱處理設(shè)備、校直機、機床等多類設(shè)備，目前國內(nèi)設(shè)備水平已實現(xiàn)明顯提升，但與國際水平仍有一定差距，未來隨著國產(chǎn)設(shè)備的加速追趕，絲杠生產(chǎn)制造成本有望進一步降低。

　　The commonly used raw materials for screw production are carbon structural steel, Cr/Mo alloy structural steel, and martensitic/carburized stainless steel. At present, Cr/Mo alloy steel is widely used, and there is a certain gap in material purity and microstructure uniformity between domestic products and foreign products. In terms of equipment, various types of equipment such as heat treatment equipment, straightening machines, and machine tools are required in the production process of lead screws. Currently, the level of domestic equipment has significantly improved, but there is still a certain gap with the international leading level. In the future, with the acceleration of domestic equipment catching up, the manufacturing cost of lead screws is expected to be further reduced.

　　2、絲杠在下游市場有著多元應用場景，未來發(fā)展空間廣闊，若降本空間打開，可能對行業(yè)格局產(chǎn)生變數(shù)

　　2. Screw has diverse application scenarios in the downstream market, with broad development potential in the future. If the space for cost reduction is opened up, it may cause variables in the industry landscape

　　絲杠在機械工業(yè)領(lǐng)域具有多元化應用場景，涵蓋機床、自動化和汽車等下游市場。滾珠絲杠擁有較高的精度和傳動效率，且相較于行星滾柱絲杠具有成本優(yōu)勢，廣泛應用于數(shù)控機床、注塑機、通用自動化等機械工業(yè)領(lǐng)域；行星滾柱絲杠具備更高的負載能力，同時能夠保持高精度操作，生產(chǎn)難度和成本相對較高，目前主要適用于少數(shù)高端領(lǐng)域，如高精度和重型數(shù)控機床、機器人以及航空航天。整體而言，絲杠下游市場主要覆蓋機床、自動化、機器人和汽車領(lǐng)域，滾珠絲杠應用相對成熟，而行星滾柱絲杠具有較大的彈性空間。考慮到應用范圍、絲杠精度和增長潛力，選取機床、汽車和人形機器人下游單獨測算絲杠市場空間。根據(jù)全國機器人標準化技術(shù)委員會2024年發(fā)布的《人形機器人標準化白皮書》統(tǒng)計，數(shù)控機床貢獻滾珠絲杠下游主要市場空間。

　　Screw has diversified application scenarios in the mechanical industry, covering downstream markets such as machine tools, automation, and automobiles. Ball screws have high precision and transmission efficiency, and have cost advantages compared to planetary roller screws. They are widely used in mechanical industries such as CNC machine tools, injection molding machines, and general automation; Planetary roller screw has higher load capacity and can maintain high-precision operation, with relatively high production difficulty and cost. Currently, it is mainly suitable for a few high-end fields, such as high-precision and heavy-duty CNC machine tools, robots, and aerospace. Overall, the downstream market of ball screws mainly covers the fields of machine tools, automation, robotics, and automobiles. Ball screws have relatively mature applications, while planetary roller screws have a large elastic space. Considering the application scope, screw accuracy, and growth potential, the screw market space is separately calculated for downstream machine tools, automobiles, and humanoid robots. According to the "White Paper on Standardization of Humanoid Robots" released by the National Robot Standardization Technical Committee in 2024, CNC machine tools contribute to the main downstream market space of ball screws.

　　從行業(yè)適用絲杠精度等級來看，高精密機床對絲杠的精度和剛性要求較高，主要采用C0-C3級絲杠，受益于數(shù)控機床滲透率和高端機床國產(chǎn)化率加速提升，機床用絲杠市場空間有望擴張；汽車用絲杠則注重傳動效率和速度、負載等運動性能，考慮精度和性價比的平衡，采用C5-C7級絲杠為主，新能源汽車滲透率持續(xù)提高和智能駕駛系統(tǒng)應用普及，將帶動汽車駐車、制動和轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)用絲杠市場規(guī)模增長；人形機器人所需精度范圍在C5左右，人形機器人處于行業(yè)發(fā)展前期，尚未形成規(guī)模市場，且滾珠及滾柱方案均有設(shè)計使用，但伴隨下游應用推廣，預計未來發(fā)展空間廣闊。數(shù)控機床是絲杠下游主要的終端市場。

　　From the perspective of industry applicable screw precision grades, high-precision machine tools have high requirements for the accuracy and rigidity of screws, mainly using C0-C3 grade screws. Benefiting from the accelerated penetration rate of CNC machine tools and the localization rate of high-end machine tools, the market space for machine tool screws is expected to expand; Automobile screws focus on transmission efficiency, speed, load and other motion performance, considering the balance between accuracy and cost-effectiveness, mainly using C5-C7 grade screws. The penetration rate of new energy vehicles continues to increase and the application of intelligent driving systems is popularized, which will drive the growth of the screw market for automotive parking, braking and steering systems; The required accuracy range for humanoid robots is around C5. Humanoid robots are in the early stage of industry development and have not yet formed a large-scale market. Both ball and roller schemes are designed and used, but with the promotion of downstream applications, it is expected that there will be broad development space in the future. Numerical control machine tools are the most important downstream end market for lead screws.

　　數(shù)控機床傳動系統(tǒng)包括絲杠及導軌結(jié)構(gòu)，是絲杠下游大終端市場，可進一步分為高中低端數(shù)控機床市場。其中，高端機床包括五軸立式、臥式、龍門式加工中心等，五軸機床對絲杠的精度和性能要求較高。按照JIS等級精度劃分，國內(nèi)數(shù)控機床一般以C3-C5級精度的滾珠絲杠為主，高端機床主要采用C0-C3級滾珠絲杠，而超高精密度要求的設(shè)備則更多采用行星滾柱絲杠，如航空、醫(yī)療等領(lǐng)域。隨著五軸類高端數(shù)控機床的產(chǎn)量及銷量增長，預計將帶動高精度絲杠的市場空間拓展。從降本路徑來看，除規(guī)模效應的差異外，還主要包括縮短加工時長和生產(chǎn)要素國產(chǎn)化。

　　The transmission system of CNC machine tools includes screw and guide rail structures, which is the largest downstream terminal market for screw and can be further divided into high, medium, and low-end CNC machine tool markets. Among them, high-end machine tools include five axis vertical, horizontal, gantry machining centers, etc. Five axis machine tools have high requirements for the accuracy and performance of the screw. According to JIS precision classification, domestic CNC machine tools generally use ball screws with precision levels of C3 to C5. High end machine tools mainly use C0-C3 ball screws, while equipment with ultra-high precision requirements mostly use planetary roller screws, such as in aviation, medical and other fields. With the increase in production and sales of high-end five axis CNC machine tools, it is expected to drive the expansion of the market space for high-precision screws. From the perspective of cost reduction, in addition to differences in scale effects, it mainly includes shortening processing time and localizing production factors.

　　縮短加工時長/改進工藝方法：工藝改進包括使用成本更低的材料、提升材料利用率、改進生產(chǎn)方法以提升生產(chǎn)效率等。絲杠的加工環(huán)節(jié)中，精加工耗時較長。現(xiàn)階段行星滾柱絲杠的精加工主要采用磨削方法，在研發(fā)初期，為達到參數(shù)要求，單根絲杠的磨削時長可以達到幾小時。伴隨工藝方法改進，將磨削時間縮短幾十分鐘，則能夠有效降低單位人工成本和折舊成本。若能用滾珠絲杠替代滾柱絲杠，則加工效率有望進一步提升，技術(shù)路徑的選擇與降本路徑間存在密切關(guān)聯(lián)。

　　Shortening processing time/improving process methods: Process improvement includes using lower cost materials, increasing material utilization, improving production methods to enhance production efficiency, etc. In the machining process of screw, precision machining takes a long time. At present, the precision machining of planetary roller screws mainly adopts grinding methods. In the early stage of research and development, in order to meet the parameter requirements, the grinding time of a single screw can reach several hours. With the improvement of process methods, shortening the grinding time to several tens of minutes can effectively reduce the unit labor cost and depreciation cost. If ball screws can be used instead of roller screws, the processing efficiency is expected to be further improved, and there is a close relationship between the choice of technical path and cost reduction path.

　　生產(chǎn)要素國產(chǎn)化：以生產(chǎn)設(shè)備為例，為達到更高的精度等級和保障生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定性，使用外資機床是更好的選擇，但也會明顯提升制造成本。伴隨技術(shù)方案變化、工藝能力提升、國產(chǎn)設(shè)備技術(shù)進步，若未來國產(chǎn)設(shè)備能有效滿足產(chǎn)品要求，則降本空間將進一步打開。但這也會對行業(yè)格局產(chǎn)生新的變數(shù)。

　　Localization of production factors: Taking production equipment as an example, using foreign-funded machine tools is a better choice to achieve higher precision levels and ensure production quality stability, but it will also significantly increase manufacturing costs. With changes in technical solutions, improvements in process capabilities, and advancements in domestic equipment technology, if domestic equipment can effectively meet product requirements in the future, the space for cost reduction will be further opened up. But this will also create new variables for the industry landscape.

　　3、外資先發(fā)優(yōu)勢明顯，國產(chǎn)處于追趕階段

　　3. Foreign brands have obvious first mover advantages, while domestic brands are in the catching up stage

　　外資滾柱絲杠玩家起步早，具有長期的技術(shù)研發(fā)積累和客戶合作經(jīng)驗。

　　Foreign roller screw players started early and have accumulated long-term technical research and development experience as well as customer cooperation experience.

　　全球絲杠龍頭舍弗勒已經(jīng)積累大量的生產(chǎn)應用經(jīng)驗，并已經(jīng)具備成熟的產(chǎn)品系列，形成明顯的先發(fā)優(yōu)勢，占據(jù)市場主導地位。舍弗勒目前旗下三大行星滾柱絲杠業(yè)務主體：旗下公司瑞士GSA行星滾柱制造公司；GSA于2016年收購瑞士Rollvis（1970年開始研制行星滾柱絲杠）；2022年7月舍弗勒以約5.8億歐元從Triton收購瑞典Ewellix（前身為瑞典SKF線性運動技術(shù)事業(yè)部），23年1月Ewellix正式成為舍弗勒集團的新業(yè)務板塊。Rollvis、Ewellix、GSA三家公司均在絲杠領(lǐng)域有長期耕耘，此舍弗勒成為全球絲杠龍頭廠商，經(jīng)過多年技術(shù)積累與先發(fā)優(yōu)勢，占據(jù)主導地位。

　　Schaeffler, the global leader in screw production, has accumulated a wealth of experience in production and application, and has a mature product line, forming a clear first mover advantage and occupying a dominant position in the market. Schaeffler currently has three major planetary roller screw business entities: its subsidiary Swiss GSA planetary roller manufacturing company; GSA acquired Switzerland's Rollvis in 2016 (which began developing planetary roller screws in 1970); In July 2022, Schaeffler acquired Sweden's Ewellix (formerly known as SKF Linear Motion Technology Division) from Triton for approximately 580 million euros. In January 2023, Ewellix officially became a new business unit of the Schaeffler Group. Rollvis, Ewellix, and GSA have all had long-term cultivation in the field of screw, making Schaeffler a global leader in screw manufacturing. After years of technological accumulation and first mover advantage, Schaeffler occupies a dominant position.

　　行星滾柱絲杠領(lǐng)域國產(chǎn)玩家起步較晚。90年代后隨著數(shù)控機床對高精度絲杠的需求上升，企業(yè)開始研發(fā)相關(guān)產(chǎn)品。2016年部分企業(yè)的行星滾柱絲杠進入生產(chǎn)階段，小部分企業(yè)實現(xiàn)小批量供貨，市場進入發(fā)展期。目前盡管國內(nèi)滾柱絲杠已具一定產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，南京工藝、博特精工等廠商已能夠小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)行星滾柱絲杠，但是性能與國外競品相比，在效率、承載能力和精度上仍有提升空間。

　　Domestic players in the field of planetary roller screws started relatively late. After the 1990s, with the increasing demand for high-precision screws in CNC machine tools, Chinese companies began to develop related products. In 2016, some companies' planetary roller screws entered the production stage, and a small number of companies achieved small batch supply. The Chinese market entered a development period. At present, although domestic roller screws have a certain industrial foundation and manufacturers such as Nanjing Craft and Bote Precision are able to produce planetary roller screws on a small scale, there is still room for improvement in efficiency, load-bearing capacity, and accuracy compared to foreign competitors.

　　在高端絲杠領(lǐng)域，國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品在精度、可靠性等方面與國外頭部企業(yè)相比仍存在一定差距，特別在行星滾柱絲杠領(lǐng)域，受限于磨削等加工工藝、加工設(shè)備等方面的技術(shù)限制，國外企業(yè)占據(jù)行星滾柱絲杠的絕大部分市場份額。精密絲杠制造具備較高的技術(shù)壁壘，中高端絲杠采用磨削加工，需經(jīng)過熱處理、車削、磨削等多道工序加工，對原材料、制造工藝要求較高。另外除加工過程中的工藝優(yōu)化，想要實現(xiàn)性能的提升，終面臨的是“設(shè)計-制造-檢測”的閉環(huán)體系。海外企業(yè)具有先發(fā)優(yōu)勢，國產(chǎn)在精度保持性、功能可靠性、壽命、精度、剛度等關(guān)鍵性能指標上依然落后于境外產(chǎn)品，國產(chǎn)市場占有率低。

　　In the field of high-end screw, there is still a certain gap between domestic products and foreign leading enterprises in terms of accuracy, reliability, etc., especially in the field of planetary roller screw. Due to technical limitations such as grinding and other processing technologies and equipment, foreign enterprises occupy the vast majority of the market share of planetary roller screw. Precision screw manufacturing has high technical barriers, and high-end screws use grinding processing, which requires multiple processes such as heat treatment, turning, and grinding, with high requirements for raw materials and manufacturing processes. In addition to process optimization during the manufacturing process, achieving performance improvement ultimately requires a closed-loop system of "design manufacturing testing". Overseas enterprises have a first mover advantage, while domestic brands still lag behind foreign products in key performance indicators such as precision retention, functional reliability, lifespan, precision, and stiffness, resulting in a low market share for domestic brands.

　　國產(chǎn)行星滾柱絲杠產(chǎn)品的導程精度動載荷、靜載荷等性能與國際企業(yè)相比仍有較大差距。以南京工藝、EWELLIX和GSA30mm直徑產(chǎn)品為例進行對比，可看出企業(yè)缺乏導程精度的統(tǒng)一標準，承載能力顯著低于國際企業(yè)同規(guī)格產(chǎn)品。若要實現(xiàn)國產(chǎn)替代，仍需加大技術(shù)研發(fā)力度。

　　The performance of domestically produced planetary roller screw products in terms of lead accuracy, maximum dynamic load, maximum static load, etc. still has a significant gap compared to international enterprises. Taking Nanjing Craft, EWELLIX, and GSA30mm diameter products as examples for comparison, it can be seen that Chinese enterprises lack a unified standard for lead accuracy, and their load-bearing capacity is significantly lower than that of international enterprises with the same specifications. To achieve domestic substitution, it is still necessary to increase technological research and development efforts.

　　滾珠絲杠方面，中端市場國產(chǎn)替代相對明顯，高端市場仍由德國企業(yè)主導。在市場中，本土企業(yè)在中端滾珠絲杠市場份額較高，臺灣和大陸企業(yè)份額合并達七成，三成為德國企業(yè)。高端市場由德國企業(yè)占主導，占據(jù)90%的份額。企業(yè)在絲杠領(lǐng)域起步較晚，企業(yè)規(guī)模較小，仍未掌握高精度產(chǎn)品技術(shù)。但企業(yè)在絲杠領(lǐng)域進展較快，五洲新春、恒立液壓等企業(yè)均積極布局高精度絲杠領(lǐng)域，部分已實現(xiàn)量產(chǎn)，推動國產(chǎn)替代進程。

　　In terms of ball screws, domestic substitution is relatively obvious in the mid-range market, while the high-end market is still dominated by German companies. In the Chinese market, local enterprises have a relatively high market share in the middle end ball screw. The share of enterprises in Taiwan, China and mainland China has merged to 70%, and three have become German enterprises. The high-end market is dominated by German companies, accounting for 90% of the market share. Chinese enterprises started relatively late in the field of screw production, with relatively small enterprise scales, and have not yet mastered high-precision product technology. But Chinese enterprises have made rapid progress in the field of screw production. Companies such as Wuzhou Xinchun and Hengli Hydraulic have actively laid out high-precision screw fields, and some have achieved mass production, promoting the process of domestic substitution.

　　行星滾柱絲杠方面，行星滾柱市場基本由國際企業(yè)主導，市場集中度高。根據(jù)GGII，外資企業(yè)如Rollvis（瑞士）、GSA（瑞士）、Ewellix（瑞典）、Rexroth（德國）在國內(nèi)市場份額占比分別為26%、26%、14%、12%，而國內(nèi)企業(yè)合計占比（含南京工藝、博特精工、臺灣優(yōu)仕特）約20%左右。據(jù)GGII，2023年瑞士GSA在市場的份額已超過50%。

　　In terms of planetary roller screws, the Chinese planetary roller market is mainly dominated by international enterprises, with high market concentration. According to GGII, foreign-funded enterprises such as Rollvis (Switzerland), GSA (Switzerland), Ewellix (Sweden), and Rexroth (Germany) have a market share of 26%, 26%, 14%, and 12% respectively in the domestic market, while the total market share of domestic enterprises (including Nanjing Craft, Bote Precision, and Taiwan Yousite) is about 20%. According to GGII, the market share of Swiss GSA in the Chinese market has exceeded 50% by 2023.

　　4、機加工工藝和設(shè)備的共通性驅(qū)動零部件廠商積極入局

　　4. The commonality of machining processes and equipment drives component manufacturers to actively enter the market

　　有精密機加工能力和設(shè)備的企業(yè)跨界布局滾柱/滾珠絲杠，為精密絲杠市場注入發(fā)展新動能。由于絲杠和其他機械零部件在機加工工藝和設(shè)備上具技術(shù)共通性，國內(nèi)汽車零部件企業(yè)積極跨界精密絲杠市場，國產(chǎn)絲杠企業(yè)通過自主創(chuàng)新已經(jīng)在滾動絲杠這一高精度、高性能傳動領(lǐng)域取得一定突破，并且已經(jīng)有國產(chǎn)行星滾柱絲杠正在逐漸被高端應用領(lǐng)域認可和采用，企業(yè)南京工藝和濟寧博特亦被列入0的行列，標志著國內(nèi)企業(yè)在這一關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域正在從追趕者向競爭者轉(zhuǎn)變。

　　Enterprises with precision machining capabilities and equipment are crossing boundaries to lay out roller/ball screws, injecting new development momentum into the precision screw market. Due to the technological commonality between lead screws and other mechanical components in machining processes and equipment, domestic automotive parts companies actively cross the precision lead screw market. Domestic lead screw companies have made certain breakthroughs in the high-precision and high-performance transmission field of rolling lead screws through independent innovation, and some domestic planetary roller lead screws are gradually being recognized and adopted in high-end application fields. Chinese companies Nanjing Craft and Jining Bote have also been included in the 0, marking the transformation of domestic companies from pursuers to competitors in this key field.

　　06相關(guān)公司

　　06 Related Companies

　　1、五洲新春

　　1. Wuzhou New Year

　　深耕精密制造技術(shù)二十多年。公司為國內(nèi)少數(shù)涵蓋精密鍛造、制管、冷成形、機加工、熱處理、磨加工、裝配的軸承、精密零部件全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈企業(yè)。公司主營業(yè)務包括軸承、新能源汽車零部件、熱管理系統(tǒng)零部件和絲杠組件及零部件。公司擁有行業(yè)軸承磨前技術(shù)，特別是熱處理和表面改性技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)從傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)精密零部件向新能源汽車零部件、風電滾子、具身智能機器人執(zhí)行器核心零部件方面轉(zhuǎn)型。布局具身智能機器人零部件，行星滾柱絲杠實現(xiàn)收入。公司發(fā)展以高端行星滾柱絲杠產(chǎn)品為切入點的各類絲杠產(chǎn)品，為直線執(zhí)行器、旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器和靈巧手提供部件或者成套產(chǎn)品。目前，公司暫作為二級供應商主要給杭州公司提供絲杠產(chǎn)品。截止2024年12月3日，公司絲杠產(chǎn)品已形成收入680萬元。公司將“風電機組精密軸承滾子技改項目”變更為投資確定性更強的“線控執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)核心零部件研發(fā)與產(chǎn)業(yè)化項目”，并將1.4億元全部變更投入到該項目中。同時，公司公布可轉(zhuǎn)換公司債券預案，擬募集10.55億元用于具身智能機器人和汽車智駕核心零部件研發(fā)與產(chǎn)業(yè)化項目。

　　I have been deeply involved in precision manufacturing technology for over 20 years. The company is one of the few domestic enterprises covering the entire industry chain of precision forging, pipe making, cold forming, machining, heat treatment, grinding, and assembly of bearings and precision components. The company's main business includes bearings, new energy vehicle components, thermal management system components, and screw components and parts. The company has industry-leading bearing pre grinding technology, especially heat treatment and surface modification technology, realizing the transformation from traditional precision components to core components of new energy vehicle components, wind turbine rollers, and intelligent robot actuators. Layout of intelligent robot components and planetary roller screws to achieve revenue. The company develops various types of screw products with high-end planetary roller screw products as the entry point, providing components or complete sets of products for linear actuators, rotary actuators, and dexterous hands. At present, the company is mainly providing screw products to the Hangzhou company as a secondary supplier. As of December 3, 2024, the company's screw products have generated revenue of 6.8 million yuan. The company will change the "Wind Turbine Precision Bearing Roller Technical Renovation Project" to the "Research and Industrialization Project of Core Components of Line Control Execution System" with stronger investment certainty, and invest all 140 million yuan in the project. At the same time, the company announced a plan for convertible corporate bonds, intending to raise 1.055 billion yuan for the research and industrialization of core components for embodied intelligent robots and automotive intelligent driving.

　　2、貝斯特無錫貝斯特精機股份有限公司成立于1997年，主營業(yè)務為各類精密零部件、智能裝備及工裝夾具等原有業(yè)務，新能源汽車零部件業(yè)務，工業(yè)母機、人形機器人等。2024年前三季度公司實現(xiàn)營業(yè)收入10.42億元，同比增長3.52%；實現(xiàn)歸母凈利潤2.25億元，同比增長7.08%。公司2022年設(shè)立全資子公司“無錫宇華精機有限公司”，充分發(fā)揮公司在工裝夾具、智能裝備、工業(yè)自動化集成等領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢和在汽車行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)管理體系優(yōu)勢，布局直線運動部件，瞄準中高端機床領(lǐng)域、自動化產(chǎn)業(yè)、人形機器人、智能網(wǎng)聯(lián)汽車等領(lǐng)域進行大力開拓。公司自主研發(fā)的行星滾柱絲杠已于2023年順利出樣，公司自主研發(fā)出應用于人形機器人的線性執(zhí)行器核心部件——標準式、反轉(zhuǎn)式行星滾柱絲杠等；以及應用于新能源汽車EHB制動系統(tǒng)和EMB制動系統(tǒng)的多款滾珠絲杠副。

　　2. Best Wuxi Best Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. was established in 1997. Its main business includes various precision components, intelligent equipment, and fixtures, as well as new energy vehicle components, industrial mother machines, humanoid robots, and more. In the first three quarters of 2024, the company achieved a revenue of 1.042 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 3.52%; Realize a net profit attributable to the parent company of 225 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7.08%. In 2022, the company will establish a wholly-owned subsidiary, Wuxi Yuhua Precision Machinery Co., Ltd., to fully leverage the company's technological advantages in the fields of fixtures, intelligent equipment, industrial automation integration, and production management system advantages in the automotive industry. The company will comprehensively layout linear motion components and focus on the development of high-end machine tools, automation industry, humanoid robots, intelligent connected vehicles, and other fields. The planetary roller screw independently developed by the company has been successfully sampled in 2023. The company has independently developed the core components of linear actuators for humanoid robots, including standard and reverse planetary roller screws; And multiple ball screw pairs applied to the EHB braking system and EMB braking system of new energy vehicles.

　　3、浙江榮泰絕緣云母龍頭，新能源車電池熱失控領(lǐng)域。浙江榮泰是全球云母絕緣材料領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍企業(yè)，核心業(yè)務聚焦耐高溫絕緣云母制品的研發(fā)與生產(chǎn)，尤其在新能源汽車領(lǐng)域占據(jù)顯著市場地位。公司已深度布局新能源汽車、小家電、電線電纜等下游應用領(lǐng)域，公司產(chǎn)品憑借穩(wěn)定的性能與可靠的質(zhì)量，已通過美國UL、FDA，德國T?V，以及歐盟RoHS、PAHs、REACH等多項國際權(quán)威標準檢測，技術(shù)認可度與市場競爭力獲得高度驗證。在新能源汽車這一新興應用領(lǐng)域，公司作為較早入局的行業(yè)企業(yè)，緊密圍繞產(chǎn)業(yè)需求開展技術(shù)攻關(guān)，在材料配方優(yōu)化、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計及制造工藝創(chuàng)新等方面形成了核心技術(shù)壁壘。依托自主研發(fā)能力，公司產(chǎn)品在耐高溫絕緣性能、輕量化適配性等方面具備顯著優(yōu)勢，已在全球知名新能源汽車的電池電芯、電池模組、電池包及整車熱失控防護系統(tǒng)中實現(xiàn)廣泛應用，有效解決了新能源汽車電池熱失控的痛點。公司主要客戶涵蓋特斯拉、大眾、寶馬、奔馳、沃爾沃等國際一線車企，以及上汽集團、一汽集團等國內(nèi)頭部汽車廠商，并與全球動力電池龍頭企業(yè)寧德時代建立了深度合作關(guān)系。業(yè)績穩(wěn)步增長，海外產(chǎn)能逐步投放。公司2022-2024年營業(yè)收入從6.67億元增11.35億元，歸母凈利潤從1.34億元提升2.30億元，實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)步增長。

　　3. Zhejiang Rongtai Insulation Mica Leader, expert in the field of thermal runaway of new energy vehicle batteries. Zhejiang Rongtai is a leading enterprise in the global mica insulation material field, with a core business focus on the research and production of high-temperature resistant mica insulation products, especially occupying a significant market position in the field of new energy vehicles. The company has deeply laid out downstream application fields such as new energy vehicles, small appliances, and wires and cables. With stable performance and reliable quality, the company's products have passed multiple international authoritative standards such as UL and FDA in the United States, T-V in Germany, and RoHS, PAHs, REACH in the European Union. The technical recognition and market competitiveness have been highly verified. In the emerging application field of new energy vehicles, as an early leading enterprise in the industry, the company closely focuses on technological research and development around industry needs, forming core technological barriers in material formula optimization, product structure design, and manufacturing process innovation. Relying on independent research and development capabilities, the company's products have significant advantages in high temperature insulation performance, lightweight adaptability, etc. They have been widely used in battery cells, battery modules, battery packs, and vehicle thermal runaway protection systems of globally renowned new energy vehicle brands, effectively solving the safety pain points of thermal runaway of new energy vehicle batteries. The company's main customers include international first tier car companies such as Tesla, Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes Benz, Volvo, as well as domestic leading car manufacturers such as SAIC Group and FAW Group, and has established deep cooperation with global power battery leader CATL. Steady growth in performance and gradual deployment of overseas production capacity. The company's operating revenue increased from 667 million yuan to 1.135 billion yuan from 2022 to 2024, and the net profit attributable to the parent company increased from 134 million yuan to 230 million yuan, achieving steady growth.

　　2023年公司通過收購狄茲精密切入機器人絲杠賽道，整合精密傳動技術(shù)，疊加公司在墨西哥、泰國等地的生產(chǎn)基地在未來逐步投產(chǎn)，后續(xù)業(yè)績值得期待。收購狄茲精密外延拓展人形機器人領(lǐng)域，發(fā)力微型絲杠領(lǐng)域。為拓展業(yè)務邊界，浙江榮泰于2025年2月啟動對上海狄茲精密機械有限公司（KGG）的收購，旨在切入人形機器人核心零部件賽道。狄茲精密是國內(nèi)精密傳動領(lǐng)域的“隱形”，專注于微型滾珠絲杠、行星滾柱絲杠等產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)與生產(chǎn)，其技術(shù)直接對應特斯拉Optimus人形機器人關(guān)節(jié)需求。狄茲精密在高精度絲杠和微型滾珠絲杠方面均有布局，技術(shù)積累深厚。根據(jù)《擬收購股權(quán)涉及的上海狄茲精密機械有限公司股東全部權(quán)益投資價值資產(chǎn)評估報告》，狄茲精密率先在國內(nèi)掌握直徑3mm及以下的滾珠絲杠的C1級精密加工工藝，并具備1.4mm直徑微型滾珠絲杠量產(chǎn)能力，機器人靈巧手所需的3-5mm工藝已可成熟應用，技術(shù)實力在國內(nèi)處于地位。收購金力傳動，完整布局微型傳動產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。浙江榮泰7月14日公告，公司通過增資方式，以27.03元/股，以人民幣10,065.9720萬元認繳廣東金力智能傳動技術(shù)股份有限公司新增的372.4萬元注冊資本，對應本次增資后持有目標公司5.03%的股份，增資款中人民幣9,693.5720萬元計入資本公積。同時，通過股份轉(zhuǎn)讓的方式受讓目標公司股東合計持有的737.3萬股股份，轉(zhuǎn)讓金額合計為人民幣19,933.643萬元。上述增資及股份轉(zhuǎn)讓完成后，目標公司注冊資本變更為7,398.00萬元，公司持有目標公司15%股份。金力傳動主營業(yè)務為微型智能傳動模組、微型減速電機、微型電機的研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)及銷售，能夠為客戶提供以微型傳動為核心的運動驅(qū)動與控制相結(jié)合的一體化解決方案。金力傳動深耕微型智能傳動模組領(lǐng)域十余年，專注于微型傳動系統(tǒng)中的微小模數(shù)齒輪箱、微型電機等精密部件生產(chǎn)研發(fā)，在微型傳動模組、微小模數(shù)齒輪、微型直流電機等精密傳動零部件的研發(fā)制造方面，構(gòu)建了完整的技術(shù)研發(fā)與生產(chǎn)體系，形成智能機電系統(tǒng)解決方案的全鏈條服務能力。

　　In 2023, the company will enter the robot screw track through the acquisition of DiZi Precision, integrate precision transmission technology, and gradually put production bases in Mexico, Thailand and other places into operation in the future. The subsequent performance is worth looking forward to. Acquiring DiZi Precision Extension to expand the field of humanoid robots, with a focus on the micro screw field. In order to expand its business boundaries, Zhejiang Rongtai launched the acquisition of Shanghai Dezi Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. (KGG) in February 2025, aiming to enter the core component track of humanoid robots. DiZi Precision is the "hidden champion" in the field of precision transmission in China, focusing on the research and production of micro ball screws, planetary roller screws and other products. Its technology directly corresponds to the joint requirements of Tesla Optimus humanoid robots. DiZi Precision has a layout in both high-precision screw and micro ball screw, with profound technical accumulation. According to the Asset Evaluation Report on the Investment Value of All Shareholders' Equity of Shanghai DiZi Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. Involved in the Proposed Acquisition of Equity, DiZi Precision has taken the lead in mastering the C1 level precision machining technology for ball screws with a diameter of 3mm or less in China, and has the ability to mass produce 1.4mm diameter micro ball screws. The 3-5mm process required for robot dexterous hands can be maturely applied, and its technical strength is in a leading position in China. Acquiring Jinli Transmission and fully laying out the micro transmission industry chain. Zhejiang Rongtai announced on July 14th that the company has subscribed to Guangdong Jinli Intelligent Transmission Technology Co., Ltd.'s newly added registered capital of 3.724 million yuan at a price of 27.03 yuan per share, corresponding to 5.03% of the target company's shares held after this capital increase. The capital increase amount of 96.935720 million yuan is included in the capital reserve. At the same time, a total of 7.373 million shares held by shareholders of the target company were acquired through share transfer, with a total transfer amount of RMB 199.3643 million. After the above-mentioned capital increase and share transfer are completed, the registered capital of the target company is changed to 73.98 million yuan, and the company holds 15% of the target company's shares. Jinli Transmission's main business is the research and development, production, and sales of micro intelligent transmission modules, micro reduction motors, and micro motors. It can provide customers with integrated solutions that combine motion drive and control with micro transmission as the core. Jinli Transmission has been deeply involved in the field of micro intelligent transmission modules for more than ten years, focusing on the production and research and development of precision components such as micro module gearboxes and micro motors in micro transmission systems. In the research and development and manufacturing of precision transmission components such as micro transmission modules, micro module gears, and micro DC motors, a complete technical research and development and production system has been established, forming a full chain service capability for intelligent electromechanical system solutions.

　　4、雙林股份雙林股份成立于1987年，從事汽車零部件和配件及模具的設(shè)計、開發(fā)與制造，拳頭產(chǎn)品為座椅驅(qū)動器，主營業(yè)務主要分為內(nèi)外飾、輪轂軸承單元和新能源電機。收購絲杠設(shè)備公司科之鑫，產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈延伸布局加強協(xié)同。無錫市科之鑫機械制造有限公司，主要產(chǎn)品為螺紋磨床，針對滾珠絲杠、行星絲杠等傳動部件，內(nèi)螺紋磨床加工精度可達C3、C2級，外螺紋床加工精度可達P3、P2級。公司收購科之鑫，或提升公司絲杠研發(fā)與生產(chǎn)進度。雙林股份積極布局人形機器人行星滾柱絲杠，目前已研發(fā)出樣品。根據(jù)公司2025年1月13日發(fā)布的《關(guān)于"質(zhì)量回報雙提升"行動方案的公告》，公司滾柱絲杠產(chǎn)品已研發(fā)出樣品，試制產(chǎn)線也已建設(shè)完成，當前已經(jīng)對接國內(nèi)兩家頭部新勢力車企就人形機器人用反向式行星滾柱絲杠項目進行開發(fā)，批樣件訂單預計于2025年4月份進行交付。同時，已經(jīng)向YS、TP等客戶進行了送樣。

　　4. Shuanglin Co., Ltd. was established in 1987, engaged in the design, development, and manufacturing of automotive parts, accessories, and molds. Its flagship product is seat drivers, and its main business is mainly divided into interior and exterior decoration, wheel hub bearing units, and new energy motors. Acquiring the screw equipment company Kezhixin, expanding the industrial chain layout and strengthening collaboration. Wuxi Kezhixin Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. mainly produces thread grinders for transmission components such as ball screws and planetary screws. The machining accuracy of internal thread grinders can reach C3 and C2 levels, and the machining accuracy of external thread beds can reach P3 and P2 levels. The company's acquisition of Kezhixin may improve the progress of the company's screw research and production. Shuanglin Corporation is actively laying out humanoid robot planetary roller screws and has currently developed samples. According to the announcement on the "Double Improvement of Quality and Return" action plan released by the company on January 13, 2025, the company has developed samples of its roller screw products and completed the construction of a trial production line. Currently, it has connected with two leading domestic new energy vehicle companies to develop a reverse planetary roller screw project for humanoid robots. The first batch of sample orders is expected to be delivered in April 2025. Meanwhile, samples have been sent to clients such as YS and TP.

　　5、恒立液壓國產(chǎn)液壓龍頭深耕液壓領(lǐng)域30余年。公司成立于1990年，從事液壓傳動控制設(shè)備與系統(tǒng)集成，致力成為具有國際影響力的高端傳動設(shè)備供應商。公司主要產(chǎn)品包括高壓油缸、高壓柱塞泵、液壓多路閥、液壓馬達、工業(yè)閥、液壓系統(tǒng)、液壓測試臺及高精密液壓鑄件等產(chǎn)品。公司液壓產(chǎn)品下游應用領(lǐng)域覆蓋行走機械、隧道工程、農(nóng)業(yè)機械、工業(yè)工程、海洋工程、風電光伏新能源等行業(yè)與領(lǐng)域。公司線性驅(qū)動器項目穩(wěn)步推進。公司2022年募資20億元成立恒立精密工業(yè)，研發(fā)生產(chǎn)電動缸和滾珠絲桿等產(chǎn)品，并實現(xiàn)絲桿內(nèi)制化，形成穩(wěn)定的供應鏈。公司在2年的籌備期內(nèi)完成了包括精密滾珠絲杠、行星滾柱絲杠、直線導軌等數(shù)十款產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)。滾珠絲杠產(chǎn)品已進行送樣和小批量供貨。2024年9月產(chǎn)線設(shè)備具備完整加工能力，公司與國內(nèi)客戶開展廣泛對接送樣，目前該項目已進入批量生產(chǎn)階段。

　　5. Hengli Hydraulic, a domestic hydraulic leader, has been deeply involved in the hydraulic field for over 30 years. The company was founded in 1990 and is engaged in the integration of hydraulic transmission control equipment and systems, committed to becoming a high-end transmission equipment supplier with international influence. The company's main products include high-pressure oil cylinders, high-pressure plunger pumps, hydraulic multi way valves, hydraulic motors, industrial valves, hydraulic systems, hydraulic testing benches, and high-precision hydraulic castings. The downstream application areas of the company's hydraulic products cover industries and fields such as walking machinery, tunnel engineering, agricultural machinery, industrial engineering, marine engineering, wind and photovoltaic new energy. The company's linear drive project is steadily advancing. The company raised 2 billion yuan in 2022 to establish Hengli Precision Industry, which researches and produces products such as electric cylinders and ball screws, and realizes the internal manufacturing of screws, forming a stable supply chain. The company completed the research and development of dozens of products including precision ball screws, planetary roller screws, linear guides, etc. within a 2-year preparation period. The ball screw products have been sampled and supplied in small quantities. By September 2024, the production line equipment will have complete processing capabilities, and the company will conduct extensive docking and sample delivery with domestic customers. Currently, the project has entered the mass production stage.

　　6、北特科技深耕汽車底盤領(lǐng)域二十余載。公司在國內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)向器齒條以及減振器活塞桿細分行業(yè)內(nèi)，連續(xù)多年保持細分市場主導地位，擁有較強的影響力。目前公司主要業(yè)務包括底盤零部件業(yè)務、鋁合金輕量化業(yè)務、空調(diào)壓縮機業(yè)務三大板塊，主要生產(chǎn)配套各類乘用車、商用車、新能源汽車關(guān)鍵零部件。公司客戶綁定多家一線企業(yè)包括博世、采埃孚、蒂森克虜伯、耐世特、萬都、匯眾薩克斯等。前瞻布局人形機器人零部件產(chǎn)業(yè)，投資行星滾柱絲杠項目。公司憑借二十余年在金屬精加工領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)積累，持續(xù)與客戶合作開發(fā)多種絲杠產(chǎn)品，如行星滾柱絲杠、滾珠絲杠和梯形絲杠，涵蓋螺母、行星滾柱、絲桿、齒圈等關(guān)鍵零部件。公司擬在江蘇昆山總投資18.5億元建設(shè)行星滾柱絲杠研發(fā)生產(chǎn)基地項目，規(guī)劃用地約140。公司研發(fā)工作一直在持續(xù)進行中，上述部件處于樣件階段，并未被客戶正式定點，還未形成收入。

　　6. Beite Technology has been deeply involved in the field of automotive chassis for more than 20 years. The company has maintained a dominant position in the segmented markets of steering gear racks and shock absorber piston rods in China for several consecutive years, and has a strong brand influence. At present, the company's main businesses include chassis parts business, aluminum alloy lightweight business, and air conditioning compressor business. It mainly produces key components for various passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, and new energy vehicles. The company's clients are bound to multiple first tier enterprises, including Bosch, ZF, ThyssenKrupp, Nestor, Wandu, Huizhong Sachs, etc. Forward looking layout of humanoid robot parts industry, investing in planetary roller screw project. With more than 20 years of technical accumulation in the field of metal precision machining, the company continues to cooperate with customers to develop various screw products, such as planetary roller screws, ball screws, and trapezoidal screws, covering key components such as nuts, planetary rollers, screw rods, and gear rings. The company plans to invest a total of 1.85 billion yuan in Kunshan, Jiangsu to build a planetary roller screw research and production base project, with a planned land area of about 140 acres. The company's research and development work has been ongoing, and the above-mentioned components are in the prototype stage and have not been officially designated by the customer, and have not yet generated revenue.

　　07產(chǎn)業(yè)機遇

　　07 Industry Opportunities

　　1、設(shè)備是絲杠生產(chǎn)的核心制約因素，國產(chǎn)替代空間廣闊

　　1. Equipment is the core limiting factor in screw production, and there is a vast space for domestic substitution

　　絲杠制造工序較長，流程復雜，其中行星滾柱絲杠內(nèi)螺紋加工環(huán)節(jié)難度。國內(nèi)設(shè)備生產(chǎn)企業(yè)在絲杠制造設(shè)備領(lǐng)域潛力巨大，具備超預期成長空間，有望實現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展。

　　The manufacturing process of the screw is relatively long and complex, among which the machining of the internal thread of the planetary roller screw is the most difficult. Domestic equipment manufacturing enterprises have enormous potential in the field of screw manufacturing equipment, with unexpected growth potential and the potential to achieve leapfrog development.

　　根據(jù)工藝流程，絲杠制造具有熱處理、校直、磨床、車床和檢測設(shè)備需要，結(jié)合當前絲杠產(chǎn)品廣闊的應用前景，設(shè)備企業(yè)的市場需求具有穩(wěn)定性和確定性；出于成本控制考量，下游人形機器人、汽車等企業(yè)迫切需求設(shè)備技術(shù)的更新升級，為設(shè)備制造領(lǐng)域帶來新的發(fā)展機遇。

　　According to the process flow, screw manufacturing requires heat treatment, straightening, grinding machines, lathes, and testing equipment. Considering the broad application prospects of current screw products, the market demand of equipment enterprises has stability and certainty; Due to cost control considerations, downstream enterprises such as humanoid robots and automobiles urgently need equipment technology updates and upgrades, bringing new development opportunities to the equipment manufacturing field.

　　在加工環(huán)節(jié)中，行星滾柱絲杠中絲杠、螺母、滾柱等不同部位的磨削工藝存在差異，其中螺母內(nèi)螺紋加工難度。受國內(nèi)切削技術(shù)瓶頸限制，螺紋磨床作為絲杠制造關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，展現(xiàn)出良好的市場發(fā)展彈性。

　　In the machining process, there are differences in the grinding techniques for different parts of the planetary roller screw, such as the screw, nut, and roller. Among them, the difficulty of machining the internal thread of the nut is the highest. Due to the bottleneck of domestic cutting technology, thread grinders, as key equipment for screw manufacturing, have shown good market development elasticity.

　　海外絲杠加工設(shè)備高價“卡脖子”，國產(chǎn)替代刻不容緩。設(shè)備作為絲杠加工制造的核心技術(shù)壁壘，決定絲杠產(chǎn)品的精度，各類加工工藝的主流高精度設(shè)備廠商基本來自國外，海外設(shè)備進口存在“卡脖子”難題，且昂貴，國產(chǎn)替代刻不容緩。

　　The high price of overseas screw processing equipment is a bottleneck, and domestic substitution is urgent. As the core technological barrier for screw processing and manufacturing, equipment determines the accuracy of screw products. The mainstream high-precision equipment manufacturers for various processing techniques mostly come from abroad, and there is a bottleneck problem in the import of overseas equipment, which is expensive. Domestic substitution is urgent.

　　2、熱處理：熱處理爐、感應淬火設(shè)備需求提升

　　2. Heat treatment: Increased demand for heat treatment furnaces and induction hardening equipment

　　絲杠熱處理涵蓋多道工序，而正火與退火扮演重要角色。正火和退火作為絲杠熱處理的前置工序，能夠優(yōu)化材料內(nèi)部組織，改善切削性能，為后續(xù)加工筑牢堅實基礎(chǔ)。絲杠的熱處理工藝需要經(jīng)過正火、退火、淬火及回火等多道工序處理。正火和退火兩道工序主要為使絲杠材料內(nèi)部的組織更加均勻、改善材料切削性能，有助于提高絲杠在后續(xù)加工的尺寸穩(wěn)定性。這兩道程序可以通過臺車式電阻爐完成，能夠便捷地控制系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)溫度，避免人工搬運對絲杠材料造成損壞。

　　Screw heat treatment involves multiple processes, with normalizing and annealing playing important roles. Normalization and annealing, as pre processes for screw heat treatment, can optimize the internal structure of materials, improve cutting performance, and lay a solid foundation for subsequent processing. The heat treatment process of the screw requires multiple processes such as normalizing, annealing, quenching, and tempering. The two processes of normalizing and annealing are mainly used to make the internal structure of the screw material more uniform, improve the cutting performance of the material, and help improve the dimensional stability of the screw in subsequent processing. These two programs can be completed through a trolley type resistance furnace, which can conveniently control the system to adjust the temperature and avoid damage to the screw material caused by manual handling.

　　絲杠通過淬火和回火處理提升表面硬度與耐磨性，借助熱處理設(shè)備作業(yè)。絲杠表面需要進行淬火和回火處理，完成表面材料的硬度、耐磨性加工，進一步提升絲杠材料性能。常用設(shè)備為感應淬火熱處理設(shè)備，以卡盤全自動淬火設(shè)備為例，它具有上料位、淬火位和下料位三個工位，每個工位之間的運料由自動移料機構(gòu)完成，無需人工操作，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)工作狀態(tài)及加工參數(shù)實時建控與記錄。

　　The surface hardness and wear resistance of the screw are improved through quenching and tempering treatment, and efficient operation is achieved with the help of heat treatment equipment. The surface of the screw needs to be quenched and tempered to complete the hardness and wear resistance processing of the surface material, further improving the performance of the screw material. The commonly used equipment is induction quenching heat treatment equipment. Taking the chuck fully automatic quenching equipment as an example, it has three workstations: loading position, quenching position, and unloading position. The transportation between each workstation is completed by an automatic material transfer mechanism, without manual operation, and can achieve real-time control and recording of working status and processing parameters.

　　海外熱處理設(shè)備生產(chǎn)企業(yè)普遍規(guī)模較大，而國內(nèi)企業(yè)總體處于技術(shù)追趕期。國際熱處理企業(yè)有鮑迪克、易普森、愛協(xié)林、易孚迪和薩伊集團等。其中，前三家企業(yè)主要生產(chǎn)可控氣氛爐等工業(yè)爐熱處理設(shè)備，后兩家主要生產(chǎn)感應熱處理設(shè)備。國內(nèi)熱處理設(shè)備制造與服務企業(yè)主要有金財互聯(lián)、世創(chuàng)科技、恒進感應、恒精感應和升華感應，均為上市公司或掛牌企業(yè)，擁有較強的技術(shù)實力。其中，前兩家主要生產(chǎn)可控氣氛爐等工業(yè)爐熱處理設(shè)備，后三家為生產(chǎn)感應處理設(shè)備的企業(yè)。相較于國際熱處理企業(yè)，國內(nèi)熱處理設(shè)備制造企業(yè)在工藝穩(wěn)定性、自動化水平以及溫度控制精度都較為遜色，仍有很大發(fā)展空間。

　　Overseas heat treatment equipment manufacturing enterprises are generally large-scale, while domestic enterprises are generally in a period of technological catch-up. Internationally renowned heat treatment companies include Bodik, Epson, Aixie Lin, Yifudi, and Saiyi Group. Among them, the first three enterprises mainly produce industrial furnace heat treatment equipment such as controllable atmosphere furnaces, while the latter two mainly produce induction heat treatment equipment. Domestic heat treatment equipment manufacturing and service enterprises mainly include Jincai Internet, Shichuang Technology, Hengjin Induction, Hengjing Induction, and Shenghua Induction, all of which are listed companies or enterprises with strong technical strength. Among them, the first two mainly produce industrial furnace heat treatment equipment such as controllable atmosphere furnaces, while the last three are enterprises that produce induction treatment equipment. Compared with internationally renowned heat treatment enterprises, domestic heat treatment equipment manufacturing enterprises are relatively inferior in terms of process stability, automation level, and temperature control accuracy, and still have great room for development.

　　3、校直：絲杠自動校直機具有良好發(fā)展前景

　　3. Straightening: The screw automatic straightening machine has a good development prospect

　　在絲杠生產(chǎn)制造流程中，校直環(huán)節(jié)關(guān)重要。校直作為保證絲杠精度的關(guān)鍵步驟，直接決定著絲杠產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量與性能。在機械傳動系統(tǒng)中，絲杠起著關(guān)鍵的作用。如果絲杠存在彎曲，當它旋轉(zhuǎn)時，會導致螺母在絲杠上的運動軌跡出現(xiàn)偏差。通過校直，可以使絲杠的直線度達到規(guī)定的精度標準，確保螺母與絲杠之間的相對運動精度，從而提高整個機械傳動系統(tǒng)的精度。絲杠校直常用設(shè)備為自動校直機，以高精度滾珠絲杠自動校直機為例，該設(shè)備采用雙支撐雙壓頭在C型架上一起移動的方式，可以精確行走到工件實際彎曲所在的位置，并靈活調(diào)整支撐與間距，完成率、高精度校直。

　　The straightening process is crucial in the manufacturing process of screw production. As a key step in ensuring the accuracy of the screw, straightening directly determines the quality and performance of the screw product. In mechanical transmission systems, lead screws play a crucial role. If the lead screw is bent, it will cause deviation in the motion trajectory of the nut on the lead screw when it rotates. By straightening, the straightness of the screw can reach the specified accuracy standard, ensuring the relative motion accuracy between the nut and the screw, thereby improving the accuracy of the entire mechanical transmission system. The commonly used equipment for screw straightening is an automatic straightening machine. Taking the high-precision ball screw automatic straightening machine as an example, the equipment adopts a double support and double pressure head moving together on a C-frame, which can accurately walk to the actual bending position of the workpiece and flexibly adjust the support and spacing to achieve high efficiency and precision straightening.

　　國際校直設(shè)備生產(chǎn)企業(yè)領(lǐng)域，國內(nèi)企業(yè)仍需創(chuàng)新升級。

　　International school equipment manufacturing enterprises are leading in the field, while domestic enterprises still need to innovate and upgrade.

　　國際上校直設(shè)備生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的企業(yè)有日本THK、德國力士樂等；國內(nèi)校直生產(chǎn)技術(shù)較的企業(yè)有較的企業(yè)有集智股份、漢江機床、昆山旭日滾動部件有限公司、吉林瑞銘機電設(shè)備有限公司等。相較于國際校直設(shè)備生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，國內(nèi)企業(yè)在校直方面仍然存在著校直精度不夠、自動化水平較低以及校直技術(shù)落后的問題，仍然需要進一步創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。

　　Internationally renowned companies in the production technology of straightening equipment include THK from Japan and Rexroth from Germany; Domestic enterprises with advanced production technology include Jizhi Co., Ltd., Hanjiang Machine Tool Co., Ltd., Kunshan Xuri Rolling Parts Co., Ltd., Jilin Ruiming Electromechanical Equipment Co., Ltd. Compared with internationally renowned straightening equipment manufacturers, domestic enterprises still face problems such as insufficient straightening accuracy, low automation level, and outdated straightening technology, which require further innovation and development.

　　4、磨床：國產(chǎn)化率較高，關(guān)注技術(shù)升級新機會

　　4. Grinding machine: high localization rate, focus on new opportunities for technological upgrading

　　磨床是絲杠加工磨削加工的核心技術(shù)，其精度直接決定絲杠精度。磨床通過其高度精密的磨削技術(shù)，能夠確保絲杠具有一致的螺紋形狀和尺寸，從而提供可靠的性能和穩(wěn)定的運動控制。磨床的精度直接影響著絲杠的軸向精度、徑向精度以及整體的運動平穩(wěn)性。精準的磨床工藝能夠確保絲杠的每個螺紋都具有高度一致的規(guī)格，防止誤差和振動，從而提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性和工作精度，因而磨床其高精度的加工能力直接決定絲杠終的性能和質(zhì)量。

　　Grinding machine is the core technology of screw machining, and its accuracy directly determines the accuracy of the screw. The grinder, through its highly precise grinding technology, can ensure that the screw has a consistent thread shape and size, thereby providing reliable performance and stable motion control. The accuracy of the grinder directly affects the axial accuracy, radial accuracy, and overall motion stability of the screw. The precise grinding process ensures that each thread of the screw has a highly consistent specification, preventing errors and vibrations, thereby improving the reliability and working accuracy of the system. Therefore, the high-precision machining capability of the grinder directly determines the final performance and quality of the screw.

　　絲杠不同部件需要的加工存在差異，涉及磨床設(shè)備類型較多。主要設(shè)備有內(nèi)螺紋磨床、外螺紋磨床、外圓磨床（進行絲杠軸外圓表面加工）、中心磨床（絲杠軸中心孔加工）、平面磨床（螺桿端面加工）等。其中，螺紋磨床由于在精度、效率方面較為，在未來絲杠加工應用領(lǐng)域具有較大彈性。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)直接影響磨床效率與精度，是磨床核心的零部件。數(shù)控性能優(yōu)劣直接影響機床穩(wěn)定性和精度水平，從而影響加工材料的精度與性質(zhì)。數(shù)控磨床也稱為計算機數(shù)字控制磨床，是指能夠接收、處理并轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)字指令來控制機械設(shè)備動作的一類自動化機床。

　　There are differences in the processing required for different components of the screw, involving various types of grinding equipment. The main equipment includes internal thread grinder, external thread grinder, external cylindrical grinder (for machining the outer surface of the screw shaft), center grinder (for machining the center hole of the screw shaft), surface grinder (for machining the screw end face), etc. Among them, the thread grinder has great flexibility in the future application field of screw machining due to its advanced precision and efficiency. The numerical control system directly affects the efficiency and accuracy of the grinder, and is the most essential component of the grinder. The performance of numerical control directly affects the stability and accuracy level of machine tools, thereby affecting the accuracy and properties of processed materials. Numerical control grinding machine, also known as computer digital control grinding machine, refers to a type of automated machine tool that can receive, process, and convert digital instructions to control the action of mechanical equipment.

　　數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是數(shù)控機床的“大腦”，包括控制系統(tǒng)、伺服系統(tǒng)和檢測系統(tǒng)三大部分。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)通過計算機編程和自動化控制，使得磨床能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)更為精確和的加工過程。通過精確的數(shù)值控制，磨床能夠在復雜的幾何形狀和細微尺寸要求下進行加工，實現(xiàn)更精細的表面質(zhì)量和更準確的尺寸控制。

　　The CNC system is the "brain" of CNC machine tools, including three main parts: control system, servo system, and detection system. The numerical control system enables grinding machines to achieve more precise and efficient machining processes through computer programming and automation control. Through precise numerical control, grinding machines can process complex geometric shapes and fine dimensional requirements, achieving finer surface quality and more accurate dimensional control.

　　近年來下游企業(yè)對降低成本的需求增強，以車代磨、以銑代磨技術(shù)運用更加廣泛。車削加工主要是在工件高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的情況下，利用刀具的直線運動或曲線運動來改變毛胚的形狀和尺寸，將其加工成符合圖紙要求的零件的一種加工方法。車床是國內(nèi)金屬切削機床領(lǐng)域成熟度較高的設(shè)備，目前國內(nèi)部分企業(yè)具備與國外同行競爭的能力。未來數(shù)控車床能夠通過縮短加工工時、提升加工效率實現(xiàn)以車代磨，成為降低加工成本的核心方向。

　　In recent years, downstream enterprises have increased their demand for cost reduction, and the use of car grinding and milling technology has become more widespread. Turning processing is mainly a machining method that uses the linear or curved motion of the cutting tool to change the shape and size of the blank while the workpiece is rotating at high speed, and to process it into a part that meets the requirements of the drawing. Lathe is a mature equipment in the field of metal cutting machine tools in China, and currently some domestic enterprises have the ability to compete with foreign counterparts. In the future, CNC lathes will be able to achieve the core direction of reducing machining costs by shortening machining hours and improving machining efficiency, replacing grinding with turning.

　　以銑代磨也是降低成本、提高工作效率一種方式。旋風銑削技術(shù)突破并推廣于20世紀60-70年代，后續(xù)逐步應用在大連機床廠、北京機床研究所、山東博特和南京工藝等。南京工藝在2004年引進德國萊斯特瑞茲PW160型和PW300HP型CNC旋風硬銑床，可以精銑出800mm以上的大型滾珠絲杠副。目前國內(nèi)積極布局旋風銑床開發(fā)，漢江機床目前開發(fā)的數(shù)控絲杠銑床可用于滾珠絲杠滾道硬旋銑成型加工，加工效率比傳統(tǒng)方式提高30%。

　　Replacing grinding with milling is also a way to reduce costs and improve work efficiency. The whirlwind milling technology broke through and was promoted in the 1960s and 1970s, and gradually applied in Dalian Machine Tool Factory, Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute, Shandong Bote, and Nanjing Craft. Nanjing Craft first introduced the German Leicester Ritz PW160 and PW300HP CNC whirlwind hard milling machines in 2004, which can precision mill large ball screw pairs of over 800mm. At present, China is actively developing whirlwind milling machines. The CNC screw milling machine currently developed by Hanjiang Machine Tool can be used for hard rotary milling of ball screw raceways, with a processing efficiency 30% higher than traditional methods.

　　以車代磨、以銑代磨同時有望帶動一部分硬刀具設(shè)備需求。在絲杠的螺紋加工中，硬質(zhì)合金螺紋車刀或螺紋銑刀是常用的工具，它們能夠精確地加工出各種螺距和牙型的螺紋。與傳統(tǒng)高速鋼螺紋刀具相比，硬質(zhì)刀具的耐磨性更好，在加工過程中能夠保持螺紋的尺寸精度和形狀精度。例如，在加工高精度滾珠絲杠的螺紋時，硬質(zhì)合金螺紋銑刀可以通過數(shù)控編程實現(xiàn)復雜的螺旋運動，加工出精度高、表面質(zhì)量好的螺紋，并且加工效率比傳統(tǒng)車削螺紋方法更高。目前，國內(nèi)多家企業(yè)都相繼推出針對絲杠的加工刀具，滿足下游企業(yè)需求。

　　Replacing grinding with cars and milling with grinding is expected to drive demand for some hard tool equipment. Hard alloy thread turning tools or thread milling cutters are commonly used tools in screw thread machining, which can accurately machine threads of various pitches and profiles. Compared with traditional high-speed steel thread cutting tools, hard cutting tools have better wear resistance and can maintain the dimensional and shape accuracy of threads during the machining process. For example, when machining the threads of high-precision ball screws, hard alloy thread milling cutters can achieve complex spiral motion through CNC programming, producing threads with high precision and good surface quality, and with higher machining efficiency than traditional thread turning methods. At present, many domestic enterprises have successively launched efficient machining tools for lead screws to meet the needs of downstream enterprises.

　　磨床是絲杠機床加工程序中精密度的一類，技術(shù)難度也較大。以高精密磨床為例，該設(shè)備主要應用于絲杠導軌、機床主軸等部件加工，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)部件表面粗糙度Ra不大于0.01-0.14μm，精度達到0.1-0.5μm。

　　Grinding machine is the highest precision type in the machining program of screw machine tools, and the technical difficulty is also relatively high. Taking high-precision grinding machines as an example, this equipment is mainly used for machining components such as screw guides and machine tool spindles. It can achieve a surface roughness Ra of no more than 0.01-0.14 μ m and an accuracy of 0.1-0.5 μ m.

　　整體看來，海外企業(yè)在磨床上技術(shù)更加。瑞士的Tornos、Studer，德國的Schütte、KappNiles，日本的三菱重工等廠商在外螺紋磨床領(lǐng)域都擁有顯著的技術(shù)實力和市場份額；瑞士Reishauer公司、英國公司HOLROYD、美國公司DRAKE等是世界的數(shù)控螺紋磨床生產(chǎn)和研發(fā)廠商；德國的西門子、日本的發(fā)那科等占據(jù)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)前沿，在全球市場份額。這些公司的產(chǎn)品代表著行業(yè)水平和發(fā)展方向，它們還通過不斷創(chuàng)新，提升磨床產(chǎn)品的精度、效率和可靠性，以滿足制造行業(yè)對高精密螺紋加工的不斷提升的需求。

　　Overall, overseas companies are more technologically advanced in grinding machines. Tornos and Studer from Switzerland, Sch ü tte and KappNiles from Germany, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries from Japan all have significant technical strength and market share in the field of external thread grinding machines; Swiss company Reishauer, British company HOLROYD, and American company DRAKE are world-renowned manufacturers and researchers of CNC thread grinders; Siemens from Germany and Fanuc from Japan occupy the forefront of CNC systems and lead the global market share. These companies' products represent the highest level and development direction of the industry. They also continuously innovate to improve the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of grinding machine products to meet the increasing demand for high-precision thread machining in the manufacturing industry.

　　國內(nèi)磨床企業(yè)奮起直追，國產(chǎn)替代進程有望提速。絲杠受益于人形機器人行業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，也帶動國內(nèi)磨床行業(yè)的發(fā)展。雖然在內(nèi)螺紋磨床結(jié)構(gòu)、返向裝置在螺母內(nèi)的對中安裝精度、大螺旋升角的干涉、多頭內(nèi)螺紋的分度精度等方面國內(nèi)磨床與國際產(chǎn)品尚存在不小差距，但磨床在運作效率、精度等方面也均已取得一定突破，存在一定國產(chǎn)替代的基礎(chǔ)。國內(nèi)數(shù)控螺紋磨床的骨干企業(yè)漢江機床、廣州敏嘉、上海機床等自主設(shè)計和研發(fā)具有世界水平的內(nèi)螺紋磨削加工中心，此外日發(fā)精機、華辰裝備、浙海德曼等機床公司也開始切入絲杠磨床賽道。

　　Domestic grinding machine companies are catching up, and the process of domestic substitution is expected to accelerate. The screw benefits from the booming development of the humanoid robot industry and also drives the development of the domestic grinding machine industry. Although there is still a considerable gap between domestic grinding machines and international advanced products in terms of internal thread grinding machine structure, centering installation accuracy of the return device in the nut, interference of large helix angle, and indexing accuracy of multi head internal threads, grinding machines have also made certain breakthroughs in operational efficiency and accuracy, and there is a certain foundation for domestic substitution. The backbone enterprises of domestic CNC thread grinding machines, such as Hanjiang Machine Tool, Guangzhou Minjia, and Shanghai Machine Tool, have independently designed and developed internal thread grinding machining centers with world-class standards. In addition, machine tool companies such as Rifa Precision Machinery, Huachen Equipment, and Zhejiang Heideman have also begun to enter the lead screw grinding machine race.

　　5、檢測設(shè)備：形成高精度檢測完整體系

　　5. Testing equipment: forming a high-precision testing complete system

　　絲杠的尺寸精度直接影響與其他部件的配合精度，絲杠加工制造完成需細致檢測。檢測工作能夠保證絲杠的精度達到精密儀器制造行業(yè)的高標準，使儀器能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)高精度的測量、定位等功能。常用檢測設(shè)備有導程精度測量儀、觸針式輪廓測量儀、動態(tài)預緊力矩儀、摩擦力矩測量儀、壽命試驗機和接觸剛度測量機等。絲杠檢測設(shè)備海外供應商眾多，產(chǎn)品豐富多樣。目前絲杠檢測設(shè)備的海外供應商包括瑞士KUNZ Presicion、德國Kordt、日本三豐精密、東京精密等，產(chǎn)品包括激光干涉儀測量設(shè)備、絲杠螺紋主軸間距測量裝置、表面形狀測量儀等。

　　The dimensional accuracy of the screw directly affects the fitting accuracy with other components, and the completion of screw processing and manufacturing requires careful inspection. The testing work can ensure that the accuracy of the screw meets the high standards of the precision instrument manufacturing industry, enabling the instrument to achieve high-precision measurement, positioning and other functions. Common testing equipment includes lead accuracy measuring instruments, stylus profile measuring instruments, dynamic pre tightening torque measuring instruments, friction torque measuring instruments, life testing machines, and contact stiffness measuring machines. There are numerous overseas suppliers of screw detection equipment, offering a wide range of products. At present, overseas suppliers of screw detection equipment include KUNZ Prescription from Switzerland, Kordt from Germany, Sanfeng Precision from Japan, Tokyo Precision, etc. Their products include laser interferometer measuring equipment, screw thread spindle spacing measuring device, surface shape measuring instrument, etc.

　　國內(nèi)企業(yè)經(jīng)過多年技術(shù)攻關(guān)也擁有科學規(guī)范的一整套絲杠副和導軌副測評標準體系，后續(xù)有希望繼續(xù)追趕國際企業(yè)。國內(nèi)檢測技術(shù)經(jīng)歷較長的發(fā)展歷程，1990年開始，在標準化技術(shù)委員會的領(lǐng)導下，企業(yè)積極采用ISO標準，在行程精度、安裝精度和性能指標等方面均達到國際水平，為我國滾珠絲杠副產(chǎn)品進入國際市場奠定基礎(chǔ)。企業(yè)當中，南京工藝和漢江機床分別建立南京工藝裝備制造有限公司滾動功能部件綜合性能實驗室、漢江機床滾動功能部件性能實驗室；山東博特精機股份有限公司擁有國內(nèi)一流檢測裝備產(chǎn)品。整體看來，國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品在檢測精度、檢測設(shè)備自動化方面與國外企業(yè)相比略有遜色，國內(nèi)企業(yè)目前還在不斷創(chuàng)新、學習技術(shù)，力求進一步在絲杠檢測設(shè)備與評價體系中獲得發(fā)展與突破。

　　After years of technological breakthroughs, domestic enterprises also have a scientific and standardized set of evaluation standards for screw pairs and guide rail pairs, and there is hope to continue to catch up with international advanced enterprises in the future. Domestic testing technology has undergone a long development process. Since 1990, under the leadership of the Standardization Technical Committee, enterprises have actively adopted ISO standards, achieving international advanced levels in stroke accuracy, installation accuracy, and performance indicators, laying the foundation for China's ball screw by-products to enter the international market. Among the enterprises, Nanjing Craft and Hanjiang Machine Tool have respectively established the Rolling Function Component Comprehensive Performance Laboratory of Nanjing Craft Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd. and the Rolling Function Component Performance Laboratory of Hanjiang Machine Tool; Shandong Bote Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. has first-class domestic testing equipment products. Overall, domestic products are slightly inferior to foreign enterprises in terms of detection accuracy and automation of detection equipment. Domestic enterprises are currently constantly innovating and learning advanced technologies, striving to further develop and break through in screw detection equipment and evaluation systems.

　　08市場空間

　　08 Market Space

　　1、人形機器人量產(chǎn)路線清晰，有望成為絲杠重要增長點

　　1. The production route of humanoid robots is clear, and it is expected to become an important growth point for lead screws

　　人形機器人催化頻出，量產(chǎn)路線清晰。宇樹H1人形機器人登上2025年央視春晚，展示出了強大的穩(wěn)定性和運動性能，成功將人形機器人帶入大眾視野，在全國范圍內(nèi)掀起一輪人形機器人熱潮。2月Figure AI在結(jié)束與OpenAI合作后發(fā)布了通用視覺-語言-行動（VLA）模型Helix，模型加持下兩臺人形機器人能實現(xiàn)零樣本雜物收納，展示出出色的協(xié)同能力。此外，馬斯克在24Q4財報電話會議中表示特斯拉人形機器人終量產(chǎn)版本將于2026年推出，并計劃在2026年下半年對外交付。人形機器人催化頻出，行業(yè)持續(xù)處于社會關(guān)注焦點，主要企業(yè)量產(chǎn)路線逐漸清晰，絲杠作為人形機器人關(guān)鍵零部件有望迎來需求增長。

　　Humanoid robots are frequently catalyzed, and the production route is clear. The Yushu H1 humanoid robot made its debut on the 2025 CCTV Spring Festival Gala, demonstrating strong stability and motion performance, successfully bringing humanoid robots into the public eye and sparking a wave of humanoid robot craze nationwide. In February, Figure AI released its first Universal Visual Language Action (VLA) model, Helix, after ending its collaboration with OpenAI. With the support of the model, two humanoid robots were able to achieve zero sample clutter storage, demonstrating excellent collaborative capabilities. In addition, Musk stated during the Q4 earnings conference call that the final mass-produced version of Tesla's humanoid robot will be launched in 2026 and plans to deliver it to the public in the second half of 2026. The catalysis of humanoid robots is frequent, and the industry continues to be a focus of social attention. The mass production routes of major enterprises are gradually becoming clear, and the screw, as a key component of humanoid robots, is expected to see demand growth.

　　人形機器人使用絲杠數(shù)量更多，將帶動絲杠市場空間提升。2022年AI DAY上，特斯拉人形機器人Optimus正式亮相。硬件方案上，其軀干共有28個關(guān)節(jié)，分為旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器14個、線性執(zhí)行器14個，線性執(zhí)行器方案為電機+行星滾柱絲杠和電機+梯型絲杠，對應單機使用絲杠數(shù)量14個，考慮到絲杠在實現(xiàn)精確運動的明顯優(yōu)勢，人形機器人絲杠需求的確定性提升將成為未來絲杠市場空間提升的增量。

　　The use of more screws in humanoid robots will drive an increase in the screw market space. At the 2022 AI DAY, Tesla's humanoid robot Optimus was officially unveiled. In terms of hardware design, its torso has a total of 28 joints, divided into 14 rotary actuators and 14 linear actuators. The linear actuator design includes a motor+planetary roller screw and a motor+ladder screw, corresponding to the number of screws used in a single machine of 14. Considering the obvious advantage of screws in achieving precise motion, the increase in certainty of screw demand for humanoid robots will become the largest increment in the future screw market space.

　　人形機器人用絲杠市場空間測算：選取人形機器人年產(chǎn)量分別為1萬臺、5萬臺、50萬臺、100萬臺四個時間節(jié)點，按照特斯拉人形機器人單臺使用14個線性執(zhí)行器，對應14個滾柱絲杠測算；考慮生產(chǎn)規(guī)模等因素，滾柱絲杠均價隨著人形機器人產(chǎn)量提升單價從0.30萬元降0.10萬元。測算得出，人形機器人年產(chǎn)量1萬臺、5萬臺、50萬臺、100萬臺分別對應4.2億元、17.5億元、140億元、140億元滾柱絲杠市場規(guī)模。

　　Calculation of the market space for lead screws used in humanoid robots: Four time points were selected for the annual production of humanoid robots, namely 10000 units, 50000 units, 500000 units, and 1 million units. According to the calculation of 14 linear actuators used in a single Tesla humanoid robot, corresponding to 14 roller lead screws; Considering factors such as production scale, the average price of roller screws has decreased from 3000 yuan to 1000 yuan as the output of humanoid robots increases. According to calculations, the annual production of humanoid robots is 10000 units, 50000 units, 500000 units, and 1 million units, respectively, corresponding to a market size of 420 million yuan, 1.75 billion yuan, 14 billion yuan, and 14 billion yuan for roller screws.

　　2、國產(chǎn)新能源汽車高端化帶動絲杠需求增長汽車銷量連續(xù)四年正增長，新能源占比提升明顯。根據(jù)汽車工業(yè)協(xié)會的數(shù)據(jù)，2024年我國汽車銷量為3143.60萬輛，同比增長4.50%，實現(xiàn)連續(xù)四年正增長，2025年前兩月在以舊換新政策帶動下，汽車銷量同比增長13.10%。新能源汽車銷量自2020年實現(xiàn)快速增長，2024年實現(xiàn)新能源汽車銷量1286.60萬臺，占當年汽車總銷量的40.93%。

　　2. The high-end development of domestic new energy vehicles has driven an increase in demand for lead screws, and car sales have been growing for four consecutive years, with a significant increase in the proportion of new energy vehicles. According to data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, China's automobile sales in 2024 were 31.436 million units, a year-on-year increase of 4.50%, achieving four consecutive years of positive growth. In the first two months of 2025, driven by the trade in policy, automobile sales increased by 13.10% year-on-year. The sales of new energy vehicles have achieved rapid growth since 2020, with 12.866 million units sold in 2024, accounting for 40.93% of the total car sales for that year.

　　國產(chǎn)新能源汽車快速發(fā)展，帶動汽車用絲杠需求增長。絲杠一般使用在汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、制動系統(tǒng)中，均是將電機的回轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運動。電動助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)（EPS）主要分為轉(zhuǎn)向管柱助力式（C-EPS）、小齒輪助力式（P-EPS）、雙小齒輪式（DP-EPS）和齒條助力式（R-EPS），其中R-EPS將電機直接布置在齒條上，通過滾珠絲杠將電機動力傳輸?shù)烬X條上，在助力效果、相應速度上均優(yōu)于其他幾類，因此一般用于中大型車型。在制動系統(tǒng)中，以電子機械制動系統(tǒng)（EMB）為例，EMB將傳統(tǒng)液壓制動方式轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡姍C直接提供動力，驅(qū)動夾緊裝置中的絲杠螺母將電機的回轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)為制動力所需的直線運動，其簡捷的結(jié)構(gòu)和的性能極大地提高了汽車的制動性，被認為是車輛制動器的模式。目前國產(chǎn)新能源汽車已實現(xiàn)快速發(fā)展，更高端的定位、更大的整車質(zhì)量、更強的動力對汽車轉(zhuǎn)向、制動系統(tǒng)均提出了更高要求，R-EPS、EMB等系統(tǒng)的應用將帶動汽車用絲杠需求的增長。

　　The rapid development of domestic new energy vehicles has driven an increase in demand for automotive screws. Screw is generally used in automotive steering and braking systems, which convert the rotary motion of the motor into linear motion. Electric power steering systems (EPS) are mainly divided into column assisted steering (C-EPS), pinion assisted steering (P-EPS), double pinion assisted steering (DP-EPS), and rack assisted steering (R-EPS). Among them, R-EPS directly arranges the motor on the rack and transmits the motor power to the rack through a ball screw, which is superior to other types in terms of assist effect and corresponding speed. Therefore, it is generally used for medium and large vehicle models. In the braking system, taking the electronic mechanical braking system (EMB) as an example, EMB transforms the traditional hydraulic braking method into a motor directly providing power, driving the screw nut in the clamping device to convert the motor's rotary motion into the linear motion required for braking force. Its simple structure and efficient performance greatly improve the braking safety of the car and are considered the ultimate mode of vehicle braking. At present, domestic new energy vehicles have achieved rapid development. Higher end positioning, larger vehicle quality, and stronger power have put forward higher requirements for automotive steering and braking systems. The application of systems such as R-EPS and EMB will drive the growth of demand for automotive screw rods.

　　3、高端機床關(guān)鍵零部件，持續(xù)受益于國產(chǎn)化率提升

　　3. Key components of high-end machine tools continue to benefit from the increase in localization rate

　　作為高端裝備重要組成部分，機床行業(yè)頻獲政策支持。數(shù)控機床作為工業(yè)母機，是裝備制造的重要基礎(chǔ)，其發(fā)展水平高低是我國從制造大國轉(zhuǎn)變到制造強國的關(guān)鍵指標。早在2019年發(fā)改委修訂發(fā)布的《產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整指導目錄（2019年本）》中就將“高檔數(shù)控機床及配套數(shù)控系統(tǒng)：五軸及以上聯(lián)動數(shù)控機床，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，高精密、高性能的切削刀具、量具量儀和磨料磨具”列為鼓勵發(fā)展項目。近年來各級部門陸續(xù)出臺相關(guān)政策，從設(shè)計、資金支持、稅收減免、產(chǎn)需對接等多方面推動高端數(shù)控機床產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。未來隨著行業(yè)支持政策不斷利好，絲杠作為機床傳動系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，有望持續(xù)受益于機床政策帶動。

　　As an important component of high-end equipment, the machine tool industry has received frequent policy support. As an industrial mother machine, CNC machine tools are an important foundation for equipment manufacturing, and their level of development is a key indicator for China's transformation from a manufacturing power to a manufacturing powerhouse. As early as 2019, the "Guiding Catalogue for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2019 Edition)" revised and released by the National Development and Reform Commission listed "high-end CNC machine tools and supporting CNC systems: five axis and above linkage CNC machine tools, CNC systems, high-precision, high-performance cutting tools, measuring instruments, and abrasives" as encouraged development projects. In recent years, various levels of departments have successively introduced relevant policies to promote the development of the high-end CNC machine tool industry from multiple aspects such as top-level design, financial support, tax reduction, and supply-demand matching. In the future, with the continuous support of industry policies, screw as an important component of machine tool transmission system is expected to continue to benefit from the driving force of machine tool policies.

　　為世界的機床生產(chǎn)國、消費國，機床產(chǎn)品進出口仍有差距。從產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模來看，根據(jù)德國機械工業(yè)網(wǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2023年，我國機床產(chǎn)值達253億歐元，全球占比31%；機床消費237億歐元，全球占比29%，自2009年以來我國連續(xù)15年成為全球機床生產(chǎn)及消費國。從進出口角度來看，2024年我國金屬加工機床產(chǎn)品實現(xiàn)貿(mào)易順差27.2億美元，但結(jié)構(gòu)上我國出口機床以中低端機床為主，2024年機床出口均價為0.62千美元/臺；進口則以高端機床為主，同期進口均價為83.89千美元/臺，未來國產(chǎn)高端機床發(fā)展任重道遠。

　　China is the world's largest producer and consumer of machine tools, and there is still a gap in the import and export of machine tool products. From the perspective of industry scale, according to data from the German Machinery Industry Network, China's machine tool output value will reach 25.3 billion euros in 2023, accounting for 31% of the global total; Machine tool consumption is 23.7 billion euros, accounting for 29% of the global total. Since 2009, China has been the world's largest producer and consumer of machine tools for 15 consecutive years. From the perspective of import and export, China's metal processing machine tool products achieved a trade surplus of 2.72 billion US dollars in 2024. However, structurally speaking, China's exported machine tools are mainly low-end machine tools, with an average export price of 0.62 thousand US dollars per unit in 2024; Imports are mainly focused on high-end machine tools, with an average import price of 83.89 thousand US dollars per unit during the same period. The future development of domestically produced high-end machine tools is a long and arduous task.

　　滾珠絲杠主要作為機床直線進給機構(gòu)。根據(jù)覓途咨詢的數(shù)據(jù)，2023年滾柱絲杠市場下游主要面向機床行業(yè)，占比達54%。結(jié)構(gòu)上，機床主要由床身、主軸箱、刀架、數(shù)控裝置、尾座、進給機構(gòu)等部分組成，其中絲杠主要用于機床進給機構(gòu)，屬于核心零部件，決定了機床的運動精度以及可靠度，由于機床普遍需要連續(xù)加工，生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的熱量將使機床結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生膨脹、收縮和形變，因此主軸、絲杠這類長軸類零部件需要克服熱變形帶來的誤差，對于絲杠材料、絲杠類型以及加工工藝均提出較高要求。

　　Ball screws are mainly used as linear feed mechanisms for machine tools. According to data from Mitu Consulting, in 2023, the downstream of China's roller screw market mainly targets the machine tool industry, accounting for 54%. Structurally, the machine tool is mainly composed of the bed, spindle box, tool holder, CNC device, tailstock, feed mechanism, etc. Among them, the lead screw is mainly used for the feed mechanism of the machine tool and is a core component that determines the motion accuracy and reliability of the machine tool. Due to the fact that machine tools generally require continuous processing, the heat generated during the production process will cause the machine tool structure to expand, contract, and deform. Therefore, long axis components such as the spindle and lead screw need to overcome the errors caused by thermal deformation, and high requirements are put forward for the material, type, and processing technology of the lead screw.

　　五軸數(shù)控機床為機床領(lǐng)域水平，高端機床國產(chǎn)化將帶來絲杠需求提升。五軸聯(lián)動是指機床基本的直線軸三軸X、Y、Z及附加的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸A、B、C中的兩軸，五個軸同時運動，任意調(diào)整刀具或工件的姿態(tài)，實現(xiàn)對空間復雜型面的加工。五軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控技術(shù)是衡量一個復雜精密零件制造能力技術(shù)水平的重要標準之一。五軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機床是解決航天、航空發(fā)動機葉輪、葉盤、葉片、船用螺旋槳等關(guān)鍵工業(yè)產(chǎn)品切削加工的手段。根據(jù)QYResearch預測，2024年五軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機床市場規(guī)模將達到120億元，同比增長7.14%，未來隨著我國制造業(yè)的快速發(fā)展以及智能制造的持續(xù)推進，以五軸數(shù)控機床為代表的高端機床國產(chǎn)化有望持續(xù)帶動絲杠需求增長。

　　Five axis CNC machine tools are the most advanced level in the field of machine tools, and the localization of high-end machine tools will bring about an increase in demand for lead screws. Five axis linkage refers to the basic linear axis, three axes X, Y, Z, and two additional rotational axes A, B, and C of a machine tool. The five axes move simultaneously, allowing for arbitrary adjustment of the tool or workpiece posture and achieving machining of complex spatial surfaces. Five axis linkage CNC technology is one of the important standards for measuring a country's manufacturing capability and technical level of complex precision parts. Five axis linkage CNC machine tool is the only means to solve the cutting and machining of key industrial products such as aerospace and aviation engine impellers, blades, blades, and marine propellers. According to QYResearch's prediction, the market size of China's five axis linkage CNC machine tools will reach 12 billion yuan in 2024, a year-on-year increase of 7.14%. In the future, with the rapid development of China's manufacturing industry and the continuous promotion of intelligent manufacturing, the localization of high-end machine tools represented by five axis CNC machine tools is expected to continue to drive the growth of screw demand.